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      Changes in the plasma levels of several bone markers in newborn calves during the first two days of life

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          Abstract

          The fluctuations in the plasma levels of several bone markers were investigated in newborn calves. Experiment 1 monitored the postnatal changes in the plasma levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP5b), total alkaline phosphatase (t-ALP) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) in four calves. These markers increased significantly from 9−20 hr after the first colostrum-suckling compared with the values immediately after birth. Experiment 2 evaluated changes in the plasma TRAP5b, t-ALP, BAP and type I collagen cross-linked N-telopeptide (NTx) levels within 2 days post-birth in five calves with successful passive immunization via colostrum (non-deficient group) and five others with poor colostrum intake (deficient group). The non-deficient group had significantly higher plasma levels of the four parameters around 12 hr of life compared with the deficient group. The results suggest that the increase in plasma bone markers in calves in the first day of life is related to the colostrum intake.

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          Biochemical markers of bone turnover: part I: biochemistry and variability.

          Markus Seibel (2005)
          With the ageing population in most countries, disorders of bone and mineral metabolism are becoming increasingly relevant to every day clinical practice. Consequently, the interest in, and the need for effective measures to be used in the screening, diagnosis and follow-up of such pathologies has markedly grown. Together with clinical and imaging techniques, biochemical tests play an important role in the assessment and differential diagnosis of metabolic bone disease. In recent years, the isolation and characterisation of cellular and extracellular components of the skeletal matrix have resulted in the development of molecular markers that are considered to reflect either bone formation or bone resorption. These biochemical indices are non-invasive, comparatively inexpensive and, when applied and interpreted correctly, helpful tools in the diagnostic and therapeutic assessment of metabolic bone disease. Part I of this article provides an overview of the basic biochemistry of bone markers, and sources of non-specific variability. Part II (to be published in a subsequent issue of this journal) will review the current evidence regarding the clinical use of biochemical markers of bone remodelling in metabolic and metastatic bone disease.
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            Clinical utility of biochemical markers of bone remodeling.

            Tanya N. Watts (1999)
            Remodeling is essential for bone health. It begins with resorption of old bone by osteoclasts, followed by the formation of new bone by osteoblasts. Remodeling is coupled (formation is linked to resorption). After middle age or perhaps beginning earlier, bone loss occurs because resorption exceeds formation. This imbalance is accentuated by estrogen deficiency as well as by many diseases and conditions. Biochemical markers that reflect remodeling and can be measured in blood or urine include resorption markers (e.g., collagen cross-links) and formation markers (e.g., alkaline phosphatase). Bone markers exhibit substantial short-term and long-term fluctuations related to time of day, phase of the menstrual cycle, and season of the year, as well as diet, exercise, and anything else that alters bone remodeling. These biological factors, in addition to assay imprecision, produce significant intra- and interindividual variability in markers. Bone marker measurements are noninvasive, inexpensive, and can be repeated often. Unfortunately, most of the studies that provided insight on clinical situations did not focus on markers as a primary endpoint. Bone markers have been useful in clinical practice and have been helpful in understanding the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and the mechanism of action of therapies. In clinical trials, markers aid in selecting optimal dose and in understanding the time course of onset and resolution of treatment effect. Clinical questions that might be answered by bone markers include diagnosing osteoporosis, identifying "fast bone losers" and patients at high risk of fracture, selecting the best treatment for osteoporosis, and providing an early indication of the response to treatment. Additional information is needed to define specific situations and cut points to allow marker results to be used with confidence in making decisions about individual patients.
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              Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins in calves.

              D M Weaver, J Tyler, D C VanMetre … (2015)
              Passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins has long been accepted as imperative to optimal calf health. Many factors, including timing of colostrum ingestion, the method and volume of colostrum administration, the immunoglobulin concentration of the colostrum ingested, and the age of the dam have been implicated in affecting the optimization of absorption. The practice of colostrum pooling, the breed and presence of the dam, and the presence of respiratory acidosis in the calf also may affect passive transfer. Various tests have been reported to accurately measure passive transfer status in neonatal calves. The radial immunodiffusion and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the only tests that directly measure serum IgG concentration. All other available tests including serum total solids by refractometry, sodium sulfite turbidity test, zinc sulfate turbidity test, serum gamma-glutamyl transferase activity, and whole blood glutaraldehyde gelation estimate serum IgG concentration based on concentration of total globulins or other proteins whose passive transfer is statistically associated with that of IgG. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature of passive transfer in calves including factors that affect passive transfer status, testing modalities, effects of failure of passive transfer on baseline mortality, consequences of failure of passive transfer, and some treatment options. Many previously accepted truisms regarding passive transfer in calves should be rejected based on the results of recent research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Vet Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Vet. Med. Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JVMS
                Title: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
                Publisher: The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                ISSN (Print): 0916-7250
                ISSN (Electronic): 1347-7439
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 October 2015
                Publication date (Print): February 2016
                Volume: 78
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 337-340
                Affiliations
                [1) ]Cooperative Department of Veterinary Medicine, Iwate University, Morioka, Iwate 020–8550, Japan
                [2) ]Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, Shizukuishi, Iwate 020–0581, Japan
                [3) ]Center for Biotechnology, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal
                [4) ]Current affiliation: Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Yamagishi, N., Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080–8555, Japan. e-mail: yamagishi@ 123456obihiro.ac.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: 15-0358
                DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0358
                PMC ID: 4785131
                PubMed ID: 26460313
                SO-VID: 06678e43-4914-4a47-adc4-bb9b7add132f
                Copyright © ©2016 The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License.

                History
                Date received : 16 June 2015
                Date accepted : 28 September 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Internal Medicine
                Subject: Note

                Keywords: blood,bone marker,calf,colostrum,neonatal period
                Data availability:
                Keywords: blood, bone marker, calf, colostrum, neonatal period

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