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      Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Lineages in Wild Animals in Europe: A Review

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          Abstract

          Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunist pathogen that is responsible for numerous types of infections. S. aureus is known for its ability to easily acquire antibiotic resistance determinants. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is a leading cause of infections both in humans and animals and is usually associated with a multidrug-resistant profile. MRSA dissemination is increasing due to its capability of establishing new reservoirs and has been found in humans, animals and the environment. Despite the fact that the information on the incidence of MRSA in the environment and, in particular, in wild animals, is scarce, some studies have reported the presence of these strains among wildlife with no direct contact with antibiotics. This shows a possible transmission between species and, consequently, a public health concern. The aim of this review is to better understand the distribution, prevalence and molecular lineages of MRSA in European free-living animals.

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          Antibiotic resistance-the need for global solutions.

          Ramanan Laxminarayan, Adriano Duse, Chand Wattal … (2013)
          The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences affect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many efforts have been made to describe the many different facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to effective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Waves of resistance: Staphylococcus aureus in the antibiotic era.

            Henry Chambers, Frank DeLeo (2009)
            Staphylococcus aureus is notorious for its ability to become resistant to antibiotics. Infections that are caused by antibiotic-resistant strains often occur in epidemic waves that are initiated by one or a few successful clones. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) features prominently in these epidemics. Historically associated with hospitals and other health care settings, MRSA has now emerged as a widespread cause of community infections. Community or community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) can spread rapidly among healthy individuals. Outbreaks of CA-MRSA infections have been reported worldwide, and CA-MRSA strains are now epidemic in the United States. Here, we review the molecular epidemiology of the epidemic waves of penicillin- and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus that have occurred since 1940, with a focus on the clinical and molecular epidemiology of CA-MRSA.
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              Tackling antibiotic resistance: the environmental framework.

              Thomas Berendonk, Célia M Manaia, Christophe Merlin … (2015)
              Antibiotic resistance is a threat to human and animal health worldwide, and key measures are required to reduce the risks posed by antibiotic resistance genes that occur in the environment. These measures include the identification of critical points of control, the development of reliable surveillance and risk assessment procedures, and the implementation of technological solutions that can prevent environmental contamination with antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes. In this Opinion article, we discuss the main knowledge gaps, the future research needs and the policy and management options that should be prioritized to tackle antibiotic resistance in the environment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antibiotics (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antibiotics (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): antibiotics
                Title: Antibiotics
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-6382
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 March 2020
                Publication date Collection: March 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 122
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; vanessasilva@ 123456utad.pt
                [2 ]Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; gigrejas@ 123456utad.pt
                [3 ]Functional Genomics and Proteomics Unit, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
                [4 ]Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisboa, Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
                [5 ]BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-466 Almada, Portugal; jlcm@ 123456fct.unl.pt
                [6 ]Proteomass Scientific Society, 2825-466 Costa de Caparica, Portugal
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: ppoeta@ 123456utad.pt ; Tel.: +351-259-350-466; Fax: +351-259-350-629
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9406-8433
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6365-0735
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0925-689X
                Article
                Publisher ID: antibiotics-09-00122
                DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9030122
                PMC ID: 7148531
                PubMed ID: 32183272
                SO-VID: 0676637b-83eb-4d58-a1b4-77a52b388775
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 February 2020
                Date accepted : 10 March 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: staphylococcus aures,mrsa,mecc,wildlife,wild animals,epidemiology
                Data availability:
                Keywords: staphylococcus aures, mrsa, mecc, wildlife, wild animals, epidemiology

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