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      Variations in olfactory function among bipolar disorder patients with different episodes and subtypes

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Most studies on olfactory function in individuals with bipolar disorder (BD) have not distinguished between the different subtypes or between the acute phase (mania or depression) and euthymic state. In this study, we compared olfactory function among BD patients with different subtypes and episodes to explore the potential use of olfactory function as a biomarker for the early identification of BD.

          Patients and methods

          The study sample consisted of 117 BD patients who were hospitalized between April 2019 and June 2019, and 47 healthy volunteers as controls. The BD patients were divided into a bipolar I disorder (BD I) ( n = 86) and bipolar II disorder (BD II) group ( n = 31) according to the different subtypes, and divided into depressive BD ( n = 36), manic BD ( n = 44), or euthymic BD ( n = 37) groups according to the types of episodes they experienced. We assessed olfactory sensitivity (OS) and olfactory identification (OI) via the Sniffin’ Sticks test and used the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Young Manic Rating Scale (YMRS) to evaluate BD characteristics among all subjects.

          Results

          Compared with controls, the participants with BD showed decreased OS and OI. We found statistically significant differences in OS and OI between the BD I group and controls, as well as differences in OS between the BD I and BD II group. Least-significant difference multiple comparisons revealed statistically significant differences in OS between the depressive BD group, manic BD group and controls and also between the manic BD and euthymic BD group. OI was positively correlated with the YMRS score in the BD I group and OS was negatively correlated with the HAMD score in the BD II group.

          Conclusion

          This may be the first study to compare olfactory function in patients with BD I vs. BD II via pairwise comparisons. Our findings suggest that OS may have potential as a biomarker for distinguishing the different subtypes of BD and as a state-related biomarker for differentiating the acute phase from the euthymic state of BD. However, further prospective research is warranted.

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          Most cited references59

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          A RATING SCALE FOR DEPRESSION

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            A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity

            R C Young, J. T. Biggs, V. Ziegler … (1978)
            An eleven item clinician-administered Mania Rating Scale (MRS) is introduced, and its reliability, validity and sensitivity are examined. There was a high correlation between the scores of two independent clinicians on both the total score (0.93) and the individual item scores (0.66 to 0.92). The MRS score correlated highly with an independent global rating, and with scores of two other mania rating scales administered concurrently. The score also correlated with the number of days of subsequent stay in hospital. It was able to differentiate statistically patients before and after two weeks of treatment and to distinguish levels of severity based on the global rating.
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              Prevalence of mental disorders in China: a cross-sectional epidemiological study

              Yueqin Huang, Yu. Wang, Hong. Wang … (2019)
              The China Mental Health Survey was set up in 2012 to do a nationally representative survey with consistent methodology to investigate the prevalence of mental disorders and service use, and to analyse their social and psychological risk factors or correlates in China. This paper reports the prevalence findings.
              Article 0 comments Cited 659 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Psychiatry
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Psychiatry
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Psychiatry
                Title: Frontiers in Psychiatry
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1664-0640
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 March 2023
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1080622
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Psychiatry, Shunde Wu Zhongpei Hospital , Foshan, Guangdong, China
                [2] 2Department of Psychology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Shaohua Hu, Zhejiang University, China

                Reviewed by: Zhifen Liu, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, China; Antonio Bulbena, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain

                *Correspondence: Chunyang Li, lichunyangwzp@ 123456163.com

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                This article was submitted to Mood Disorders, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1080622
                PMC ID: 10067908
                SO-VID: 0761179c-8599-406d-8c45-b6b4ef88057a
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 Li, Hong, Zou, Zhu, Ye, Wu and Chen.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 26 October 2022
                Date accepted : 27 February 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 59, Pages: 11, Words: 8780
                Funding
                This study was supported by Foshan Scientific and Technological Projects (No. 1920001000420) and Shunde Wu Zhongpei Hospital (No. 201904), Guangdong, China.
                Categories
                Subject: Psychiatry
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: bipolar disorder,olfactory function,olfactory sensitivity,olfactory identification,sniffin’ sticks test
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: bipolar disorder, olfactory function, olfactory sensitivity, olfactory identification, sniffin’ sticks test

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