Epidemiology and risk factors of voluntary pesticide poisoning in Morocco (2008-2014)

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES

To determine the epidemiological profile and risk factors of voluntary poisoning by pesticides.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis was conducted of all cases of voluntary poisoning by pesticides registered at the AntiPoison and Pharmacovigilance Center of Morocco between January 2008 and December 2014.

RESULTS

During the study period, 2,690 cases of acute pesticide poisoning were registered. The region of Rabat-Salé-Zemmour-Zaer accounted for the largest proportion, with 598 cases. The average age of the patients was 24.63±10.29 years. The sex ratio (female-to-male) was 0.45. Adults and teenagers were most affected by this type of poisoning, with 1,667 cases (62.0%) and 806 cases (30.0%), respectively. Suicide attempts accounted for 98.4% of the cases (2,469 cases). Pesticide poisoning occurred more often in urban zones (64.8%). Insecticides were incriminated in 14.0% of cases, with a mortality rate of 4.2%. Among the 1,635 patients for whom the outcomes were known, 154 died, corresponding to a mortality rate of 5.7%.

CONCLUSIONS

Voluntary intoxication by pesticides presents a real scourge that affects public health, and in this study, we developed an epidemiological profile of this phenomenon. Nevertheless, this study has limitations in that it did not evaluate the impact of the socioeconomic and psychological factors that are important contributors to this type of poisoning.

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Most cited references 23

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Artifacts and pitfalls in diffusion MRI.

F Lethimonnier, Alexis Amadon, Denis Le Bihan … (2006)

Although over the last 20 years diffusion MRI has become an established technique with a great impact on health care and neurosciences, like any other MRI technique it remains subject to artifacts and pitfalls. In addition to common MRI artifacts, there are specific problems that one may encounter when using MRI scanner gradient hardware for diffusion MRI, especially in terms of eddy currents and sensitivity to motion. In this article we review those artifacts and pitfalls on a qualitative basis, and introduce possible strategies that have been developed to mitigate or overcome them.

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Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat.

Antonella Di Sarno, Amy B Manning-Boğ, L McCormack … (2002)

Environmental toxicants and, in particular, pesticides have been implicated as risk factors in Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to determine if selective nigrostriatal degeneration could be reproduced by systemic exposure of mice to the widely used herbicide paraquat. Repeated intraperitoneal paraquat injections killed dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, as assessed by stereological counting of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive and Nissl-stained neurons. This cell loss was dose- and age-dependent. Several lines of evidence indicated selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to paraquat. The number of GABAergic cells was not decreased in the SN pars reticulata, and counting of Nissl-stained neurons in the hippocampus did not reveal any change in paraquat-treated mice. Degenerating cell bodies were observed by silver staining, but only in the SN pars compacta, and glial response was present in the ventral mesencephalon but not in the frontal cortex and cerebellum. No significant depletion of striatal dopamine followed paraquat administration. On the other hand, enhanced dopamine synthesis was suggested by an increase in TH activity. These findings unequivocally show that selective dopaminergic degeneration, one of the pathological hallmarks of PD, is also a characteristic of paraquat neurotoxicity. The apparent discrepancy between pathological (i.e., neurodegeneration) and neurochemical (i.e., lack of significant dopamine loss) effects represents another important feature of this paraquat model and is probably a reflection of compensatory mechanisms by which neurons that survive damage are capable of restoring neurotransmitter tissue levels.

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Evaluation of cognitive diathesis-stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents.

Peter M Lewinsohn, Thomas Joiner, Paul Rohde (2001)

Diathesis-stress predictions regarding the onset of adolescent major depression and nonmood disorders were tested. Adolescents (N = 1,507) were assessed for dysfunctional attitudes and negative attributional style, as well as current depressive symptoms, current depressive and nondepressive diagnoses, and past and family histories of psychopathology. Approximately 1 year later, participants were reassessed on all measures. Analyses supported A. T. Beck's (1976) theory of depression (at the level of a trend) but not the hopelessness theory of depression. Findings were suggestive of a threshold view of vulnerability to depression; for those who experienced negative life events, depressive onset was related to dysfunctional attitudes but only when dysfunctional attitudes exceeded a certain level (low = intermediate < high). For participants who scored either very high or very low on both dysfunctional attitudes and negative attributional style, nonsignificant findings were obtained.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Epidemiol Health

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Epidemiol Health

Journal ID (publisher-id): EPIH

Title: Epidemiology and Health

Publisher: Korean Society of Epidemiology

ISSN (Electronic): 2092-7193

Publication date Collection: 2017

Publication date (Electronic): 1 September 2017

Volume: 39

Electronic Location Identifier: e2017040

Affiliations

[1 ]Laboratory of Genetics and Biometry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra, Morocco

[2 ]Faculty of Science and Technology, University Abdelmalek Essaadi, Tangier, Morocco

[3 ]Moroccan Anti-Poison and Pharmacovigilance Center, Rabat, Morocco

[4 ]Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco

Author notes

Correspondence: Zineb Nabih Laboratory of Genetics and Biometry, Faculty of Science, Ibn Tofail University, BP 133, Kenitra 14000, Morocco E-mail: Zineb-na1@ 123456hotmail.fr

Author information

Zineb Nabih http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7450-2458

Latifa Amiar http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4749-041X

Zakaria Abidli http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2218-0447

Maria Windy http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3963-672X

Abdelmajid Soulaymani http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0964-1029

Abdelrhani Mokhtari http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7122-7515

Rachida Soulaymani-Bencheikh http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3764-3523

Article

Publisher ID: epih-39-e2017040

DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2017040

PMC ID: 5675979

PubMed ID: 28882026

SO-VID: 090b92a2-35fd-40dd-8c0d-b1e0a010426a

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Epidemiology and risk factors of voluntary pesticide poisoning in Morocco (2008-2014)

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES

METHODS

RESULTS

CONCLUSIONS

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25th European Students' Conference

Most cited references 23

Artifacts and pitfalls in diffusion MRI.

Environmental risk factors and Parkinson's disease: selective degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons caused by the herbicide paraquat.

Evaluation of cognitive diathesis-stress models in predicting major depressive disorder in adolescents.

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