Adopting global tools for the advancement of pharmacy practice and workforce in Saudi Arabia

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Abstract

Background

The continuing expansion of the pharmacist’s role necessitates continuous evaluation of current practice to identify strategies for improvements. The International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) has developed tools to support stakeholders in identifying development needs and planning advancement strategies. The aim of this research was to utilise the FIP Global Competency Framework, version 2 (GbCF v2), and FIP Development Goals (DGs) to evaluate competencies related to pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia, and to understand the strategies needed to develop and improve the current practice.

Methods

The study involved four phases. Phase 1 involved translation of the FIP GbCF v2 into the Arabic language. Phase 2 was a consensus panel validation to establish the initial relevance of the competencies to current practice. Phase 3 included a national survey distributed to all registered pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The final phase was conducted through mapping ‘not relevant’ competencies to FIP DGs to identify priorities.

Results

The translation phase yielded a bilingual framework that could be utilized by pharmacists in Saudi Arabia. The initial validation phase identified 61 behavioral statements (from 124 in the GbCF v2) as ‘highly relevant’ or ‘relevant’ to pharmacy practice. Findings from the national survey identified a list of ‘not relevant’ competencies that could highlight gaps in current practice. The final mapping phase generated a list of three FIP DG priorities: DG5 (competency development), DG8 (working with others) and DG11 (impact and outcomes).

Conclusion

The study indicated that competencies in the GbCF v2 were relevant to pharmacists practicing in the country. However, some competencies were perceived as ‘not relevant’ to current practice and these highlighted gaps in the current practice that need attention. Mapping ‘not relevant’ competencies to FIP DGs should be used as a starting point towards developing strategies, systems, and protocols to advance pharmacy practice in Saudi Arabia.

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Most cited references 23

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Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy staffing, and hospital mortality rates.

C L Raehl, Katherine Bond (2007)

To determine if hospital-based clinical pharmacy services and pharmacy staffing continue to be associated with mortality rates. A database was constructed from 1998 MedPAR, American Hospital Association's Annual Survey of Hospitals, and National Clinical Pharmacy Services databases, consisting of data from 2,836,991 patients in 885 hospitals. Data from hospitals that had 14 clinical pharmacy services were compared with data from hospitals that did not have these services; levels of hospital pharmacist staffing were also compared. A multiple regression analysis, controlling for severity of illness, was used. Seven clinical pharmacy services were associated with reduced mortality rates: pharmacist-provided drug use evaluation (4491 reduced deaths, p=0.016), pharmacist-provided in-service education (10,660 reduced deaths, p=0.037), pharmacist-provided adverse drug reaction management (14,518 reduced deaths, p=0.012), pharmacist-provided drug protocol management (18,401 reduced deaths, p=0.017), pharmacist participation on the cardiopulmonary resuscitation team (12,880 reduced deaths, p=0.009), pharmacist participation on medical rounds (11,093 reduced deaths, p=0.021), and pharmacist-provided admission drug histories (3988 reduced deaths, p=0.001). Two staffing variables, number of pharmacy administrators/100 occupied beds (p=0.037) and number of clinical pharmacists/100 occupied beds (p=0.023), were also associated with reduced mortality rates. The number of clinical pharmacy services and staffing variables associated with reduced mortality rates increased from two in 1989 to nine in 1998. The impact of clinical pharmacy on mortality rates mandates consideration of a core set of clinical pharmacy services to be offered in United States hospitals. These results have important implications for health care in general, as well as for our profession and discipline.

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Hospital pharmacy workforce in Brazil

Thiago Santos, Jonathan Penm, André O. Baldoni … (2018)

Background This study aims to describe the distribution of the hospital pharmacy workforce in Brazil. Methods Data were acquired, during 2016, through the Brazilian National Database of Healthcare Facilities (CNES). The following variables were extracted: hospital name, registry number, telephone, e-mail, state, type of institution, subtype, management nature, ownership, presence of research/teaching activities, complexity level, number of hospital beds, presence of pharmacists, number of pharmacists, pharmacist specialization. All statistical analyses were performed by IBM SPSS v.19. Results The number of hospitals with a complete registry in the national database was 4790. The majority were general hospitals (77.9%), managed by municipalities (66.1%), under public administration (44.0%), had no research/teaching activities (90.5%), classified as medium complexity (71.6%), and had no pharmacist in their team (50.6%). Furthermore, almost 60.0% of hospitals did not comply with the minimum recommendations of having a pharmacist per 50 hospital beds. The Southeast region had the highest prevalence of pharmacists, with 64.4% of hospitals having a pharmaceutical professional. This may have occurred as this region had the highest population to hospital ratio. Non-profit hospitals were more likely to have pharmacists compared to those under public administration and private hospitals. Conclusion This study mapped the hospital pharmacy workforce in Brazil, showing a higher prevalence of hospital pharmacists in the Southeast region, and in non-profit specialized hospitals.

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Pharmacy workforce in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and opportunities: A cross‐sectional study

Dalia Almaghaslah, Abdulrhman Alsayari, Rayah M. Asiri … (2019)

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Author and article information

Contributors

Dalia Almaghaslah

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Saudi Pharm J

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Saudi Pharm J

Title: Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal : SPJ

Publisher: Elsevier

ISSN (Print): 1319-0164

ISSN (Electronic): 2213-7475

Publication date PMC-release: 02 June 2022

Publication date (Print): July 2022

Publication date (Electronic): 02 June 2022

Volume: 30

Issue: 7

Pages: 954-963

Affiliations

[a ]Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

[b ]Kuwait University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Safat, Kuwait

[c ]Therapeutic Affairs Deputyship, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

[d ]Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

[e ]Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia

Author notes

[* ]Corresponding author at: College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, PO Box 1882, Abha 61441, Saudi Arabia. damoazle@ 123456kku.edu.sa

Article

Publisher Item ID: S1319-0164(22)00130-X

DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.05.007

PMC ID: 9315300

PubMed ID: 35903527

SO-VID: 0967fac6-cbab-4f66-96ff-71fde44838b9

License:

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Adopting global tools for the advancement of pharmacy practice and workforce in Saudi Arabia

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Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine (AJFSFM)

Most cited references 23

Clinical pharmacy services, pharmacy staffing, and hospital mortality rates.

Hospital pharmacy workforce in Brazil

Pharmacy workforce in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and opportunities: A cross‐sectional study

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