Distribution of  Chlamydia trachomatis omp A genotypes in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease outpatient clinic in New Delhi, India

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Abstract

Background & objectives:

Limited data are available on the typing of Chlamydia trachomatis in India. Serovars D to K of C. trachomatis are chiefly responsible for urogenital infections. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the distribution of C. trachomatis serovars in patients with urogenital infections and to characterize ompA gene of the detected C. trachomatis isolates by sequence analysis. Presence of other co-infections was also evaluated.

Methods:

Endocervical swabs were collected from 324 women and urethral swabs/urine were collected from 193 men attending the sexually transmitted diseases outpatient clinic. The samples were screened for C. trachomatis by cryptic plasmid PCR and ompA gene PCR. Genotyping was performed by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and sequencing of the ompA gene. Samples were screened for genital mycoplasmas, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Treponema pallidum and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Results:

C. trachomatis was found in 15.0 per cent men and 10.8 per cent women. Serovar D was the most prevalent followed by serovars E, F, I and G. Twenty two C. trachomatis isolates were selected for ompA gene sequencing. No mixed infection was found. Variability in ompA sequences was seen in 31.8 per cent cases. Both PCR-RFLP and ompA gene sequencing showed concordant results. The presence of Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis was observed in 18.7 and 9.5 per cent patients, respectively. Co-infection of C. trachomatis was significantly associated with Ureaplasma urealyticum and HIV.

Interpretation & conclusions:

The high occurence of C. trachomatis infections warrants its screening in addition to other sexually transmitted infections namely U. urealyticum and HIV. Genotyping of the ompA gene may provide additional information for vaccine development.

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Most cited references 28

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Prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States.

William Miller, Carol A Ford, Martina Morris … (2004)

Chlamydial and gonococcal infections are important causes of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Although screening for Chlamydia trachomatis is widely recommended among young adult women, little information is available regarding the prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in the general young adult population. To determine the prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in a nationally representative sample of young adults living in the United States. Cross-sectional analyses of a prospective cohort study of a nationally representative sample of 14,322 young adults aged 18 to 26 years. In-home interviews were conducted across the United States for Wave III of The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) from April 2, 2001, to May 9, 2002. This study sample represented 66.3% of the original 18,924 participants in Wave I of Add Health. First-void urine specimens using ligase chain reaction assay were available for 12,548 (87.6%) of the Wave III participants. Prevalences of chlamydial and gonococcal infections in the general young adult population, and by age, self-reported race/ethnicity, and geographic region of current residence. Overall prevalence of chlamydial infection was 4.19% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.48%-4.90%). Women (4.74%; 95% CI, 3.93%-5.71%) were more likely to be infected than men (3.67%; 95% CI, 2.93%-4.58%; prevalence ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.03-1.63). The prevalence of chlamydial infection was highest among black women (13.95%; 95% CI, 11.25%-17.18%) and black men (11.12%; 95% CI, 8.51%-14.42%); lowest prevalences were among Asian men (1.14%; 95% CI, 0.40%-3.21%), white men (1.38%; 95% CI, 0.93%-2.03%), and white women (2.52%; 95% CI, 1.90%-3.34%). Prevalence of chlamydial infection was highest in the south (5.39%; 95% CI, 4.24%-6.83%) and lowest in the northeast (2.39%; 95% CI, 1.56%-3.65%). Overall prevalence of gonorrhea was 0.43% (95% CI, 0.29%-0.63%). Among black men and women, the prevalence was 2.13% (95% CI, 1.46%-3.10%) and among white young adults, 0.10% (95% CI, 0.03%-0.27%). Prevalence of coinfection with both chlamydial and gonococcal infections was 0.030% (95% CI, 0.18%-0.49%). The prevalence of chlamydial infection is high among young adults in the United States. Substantial racial/ethnic disparities are present in the prevalence of both chlamydial and gonococcal infections.

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Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: An update

Meenakshi Malhotra, Seema Sood, Anjan Mukherjee … (2013)

Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common cause of curable bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. It manifests primarily as urethritis in males and endocervicitis in females. Untreated chlamydial infection in man can cause epididymitis and proctitis. Though most women with Chlamydia infection are asymptomatic or have minimal symptoms, some develop salpingitis, endometritis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), ectopic pregnancy and tubal factor infertility. It is associated with an increased risk for the transmission or acquisition of HIV and is also attributed to be a risk factor for the development of cervical carcinoma. Early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals is required to prevent the spread of the disease and severe sequelae. Traditionally, tissue culture was considered the gold standard for the diagnosis. However, with the availability of newer diagnostic techniques particularly molecular methods which are not only highly sensitive and specific but are cost-effective also, the diagnosis has became fast and easy. The purpose of this review is to study the various aspects of genital C. trachomatis infection. Also the advances related to the clinical picture, various diagnostic modalities, prevention, treatment, drug resistance and control measures will be dealt with.

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The associations between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

P Ghys, Jennifer M. Kalish, I Coulibaly … (1997)

To measure the frequency and associated factors of cervicovaginal HIV shedding and to determine the impact of sexually transmitted disease (STD) treatment on HIV shedding. Cross-sectional study with 1-week follow-up. Confidential clinic for female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. A total of 1201 female sex workers. STD treatment based on clinical signs. HIV serostatus; cervicovaginal HIV shedding at enrollment and at 1-week follow-up; STD status at enrollment and at 1-week follow-up. Cervicovaginal shedding of HIV-1 in HIV-1-seropositive women was more frequent (96 out of 404, 24%) than shedding of HIV-2 in HIV-2-seropositive women [one out of 21, 5%; odds ratio (OR), 6.2; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.0-261]. Among 609 HIV-1-seropositive or dually seroreactive women, HIV-1 shedding was significantly more frequent in immunosuppressed women [adjusted OR (AOR), 6.3; 95% CI, 3.4-11.9; and AOR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.6-5.0 for CD4 28%], and in women with Neisseria gonorrhoeae (AOR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2-3.0), those with Chlamydia trachomatis (AOR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.1-5.8), and with a cervical or vaginal ulcer (AOR, 3.9; 95% CI, 2.1-7.4). HIV-1 shedding decreased from 42 to 21% (P < 0.005) in women whose STD were cured. These data help to explain the difference in transmissibility between HIV-1 and HIV-2 and the increased infectiousness of HIV in the presence of immunosuppression and STD. In addition, they lend biological plausibility to arguments for making STD control an integral part of HIV prevention strategies in Africa.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Indian J Med Res

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Indian J. Med. Res

Journal ID (publisher-id): IJMR

Title: The Indian Journal of Medical Research

Publisher: Wolters Kluwer - Medknow (India )

ISSN (Print): 0971-5916

Publication date (Print): May 2019

Volume: 149

Issue: 5

Pages: 662-670

Affiliations

[1 ] Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

[2 ] Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

[3 ] Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India

[4 ] Department of Microbiology, SGT Medical College, Gurugram, India

Author notes

For correspondence: Dr Benu Dhawan, Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110 029, India e-mail: dhawanb@ 123456gmail.com

Article

Publisher ID: IJMR-149-662

DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_1171_17

PMC ID: 6702700

PubMed ID: 31417035

SO-VID: 0bb3c2f3-1a83-40f8-b145-dd6833a49952

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This is an open access journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

Distribution of Chlamydia trachomatis ompA genotypes in patients attending a sexually transmitted disease outpatient clinic in New Delhi, India

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Abstract

Background & objectives:

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Journal of Medical Education Research

Most cited references 28

Prevalence of chlamydial and gonococcal infections among young adults in the United States.

Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: An update

The associations between cervicovaginal HIV shedding, sexually transmitted diseases and immunosuppression in female sex workers in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.

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