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      Depression, anxiety and post-traumatic growth among COVID-19 survivors six-month after discharge Translated title: Depresión, ansiedad y crecimiento postraumático entre sobrevivientes de COVID-19 seis meses después del alta Translated title: COVID-19 幸存者出院六个月后的抑郁、焦虑和创伤后成长

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          ABSTRACT

          Background

          Pre-hospitalisation, hospitalisation and post-hospitalisation factors may significantly affect depression, anxiety and post-traumatic growth (PTG) among COVID-19 survivors.

          Objective

          Our study investigated depression, anxiety and PTG and their correlates among COVID-19 survivors.

          Method

          A cross-sectional telephone survey recruited 199 COVID-19 patients (Mean age = 42.7; 53.3% females) at six-month follow-up after hospital discharge in five Chinese cities (i.e. Wuhan, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Dongguan and Nanning). Their demographic information, clinical records and experiences during (e.g. severity of covid-19 symptoms, treatment and exposure to other patients’ suffering) and after hospitalisation (e.g. perceived impact of covid-19, somatic symptoms after hospitalisation), and psychosocial factors (e.g. perceived discrimination, self-stigma, affiliate stigma, resilience and social support) were investigated. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and the Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD-7) scale, respectively. PTG was examined by the Post-traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) instrument.

          Results

          The proportion of depressive symptoms <5, ≥5 and <10, ≥10 were 76.9%, 12.0% and 11.1%, respectively. The proportion of anxiety symptoms <5, ≥5 and <10, ≥10 were 77.4%, 15.1% and 7.5%, respectively. Multivariate logistic regression showed that receiving mental health care services during hospitalisation, somatic symptoms after discharge, perceived affiliate stigma and perceived impact of being infected with COVID-19 were significantly and positively associated with probable depression. Significant correlates of probable anxiety also included permanent residents of the city, somatic symptoms after discharge, perceived impact of being infected with COVID-19 and self-stigma. Social support, self-stigma and receiving mental health care services during hospitalisation were positively associated with PTG.

          Conclusions: The results suggest that post-hospitalisation and psychosocial factors had relatively stronger associations with depression, anxiety and PTG than pre-hospitalisation and hospitalisation factors. Promoting social support and social inclusion may be useful strategies to improve the mental health of COVID-19 survivors.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Post-hospitalisation and psychosocial factors had relatively stronger associations with depression, anxiety and PTG than pre-hospitalisation and hospitalisation factors, promoting social support and social inclusion may be useful strategies to improve mental health of COVID-19 survivors.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Los factores pre-hospitalización, durante la hospitalización y post-hospitalización pueden afectar significativamente la depresión, la ansiedad y el crecimiento postraumático (CPT) en los sobrevivientes de COVID-19.

          Objetivo: Nuestro estudio investigó la depresión, la ansiedad y el CPT y sus correlatos en sobrevivientes de COVID-19.

          Método: Una encuesta telefónica transversal reclutó a 199 pacientes con COVID-19 (edad promedio = 42,7; 53,3% mujeres) a los seis meses de seguimiento después del alta hospitalaria en cinco ciudades chinas (Wuhan, Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Dongguan y Nanning). Su información demográfica, registros clínicos y experiencias durante la hospitalización (e.g. gravedad de los síntomas de COVID-19, tratamiento, exposición al sufrimiento de otros pacientes) y después de la hospitalización (e.g. impacto percibido de COVID-19, síntomas somáticos después de la hospitalización) y factores psicosociales (e.g. discriminación percibida, autoestigma, estigma de afiliación, resiliencia, apoyo social) fueron investigados. Los síntomas depresivos y de ansiedad se midieron mediante el Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente (PHQ-9 en su sigla en inglés) y la escala de trastorno de ansiedad generalizada (GAD-7 en su sigla en inglés) respectivamente, el CPT se examinó mediante el instrumento Inventario de Crecimiento Postraumático (PTGI en su sigla en inglés).

          Resultados: La proporción de síntomas depresivos <5, ≥5 y <10, y ≥10 fue 76,9%, 12,0% y 11,1% respectivamente. La proporción de síntomas de ansiedad <5, ≥5 y <10, y ≥10 fue del 77,4%, 15,1% y 7,5% respectivamente. La regresión logística multivariante mostró que recibir servicios de atención de salud mental durante la hospitalización, los síntomas somáticos después del alta, el estigma de afiliación percibido y el impacto percibido de estar infectado con COVID-19 se asociaron significativa y positivamente con una probable depresión. Los correlatos significativos de ansiedad probable también incluyeron ser residente permanente de la ciudad, síntomas somáticos después del alta, impacto percibido de estar infectado con COVID-19 y autoestigma. El apoyo social, el autoestigma y recibir servicios de salud mental durante la hospitalización se asociaron positivamente con el CPT.

          Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que los factores psicosociales y posteriores a la hospitalización tuvieron asociaciones relativamente más fuertes con la depresión, la ansiedad y el CPT que los factores previos a la hospitalización y hospitalización. Promover el apoyo social y la inclusión social pueden ser estrategias útiles para mejorar la salud mental de los sobrevivientes de COVID-19.

          Translated abstract

          背景: 住院前、住院和住院后因素可能会显著影响 COVID-19 幸存者的抑郁、焦虑和创伤后成长 (PTG)。

          目的: 我们的研究考查了 COVID-19 幸存者的抑郁、焦虑和 PTG 及其相关性。

          方法: 在中国五个城市(即武汉、深圳、珠海、东莞和南宁)进行的一项横断面电话调查招募了出院后六个月随访中的199 名 COVID-19 患者(平均年龄 = 42.7;53.3% 女性)。对其人口统计信息、临床记录和经历(例如,covid-19 症状的严重程度、治疗、暴露于其他患者的痛苦)和住院后(例如,covid-19 的感知影响、住院后的躯体症状),以及社会心理因素(例如,感知歧视、自我污名、内化污名、心理韧性、社会支持)进行了调查。抑郁和焦虑症状分别通过患者健康问卷(PHQ-9)和广泛性焦虑量表(GAD-7)测量,PTG通过创伤后成长量表(PTGI)工具评估。

          结果: 抑郁症状<5、≥5和<10、≥10的比例分别为76.9%、12.0%和11.1%。焦虑症状<5、≥5和<10、≥10的比例分别为77.4%、15.1%和7.5%。多变量逻辑回归显示,住院期间接受心理保健服务、出院后的躯体症状、感知内化污名和感染 COVID-19 的感知影响与可能的抑郁显著正相关。可能焦虑的显著相关因素包括城市的常住居民、出院后的躯体症状、感染 COVID-19 的感知影响以及自我污名。住院期间的社会支持、自我污名和接受心理保健服务与PTG呈正相关。

          结论: 结果表明,出院后和心理社会因素与抑郁、焦虑和 PTG 的相关性强于入院前和住院因素。促进社会支持和社会包容可能是改善 COVID-19 幸存者心理健康的有用策略。

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          Most cited references57

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            6-month consequences of COVID-19 in patients discharged from hospital: a cohort study

            Background The long-term health consequences of COVID-19 remain largely unclear. The aim of this study was to describe the long-term health consequences of patients with COVID-19 who have been discharged from hospital and investigate the associated risk factors, in particular disease severity. Methods We did an ambidirectional cohort study of patients with confirmed COVID-19 who had been discharged from Jin Yin-tan Hospital (Wuhan, China) between Jan 7, 2020, and May 29, 2020. Patients who died before follow-up, patients for whom follow-up would be difficult because of psychotic disorders, dementia, or re-admission to hospital, those who were unable to move freely due to concomitant osteoarthropathy or immobile before or after discharge due to diseases such as stroke or pulmonary embolism, those who declined to participate, those who could not be contacted, and those living outside of Wuhan or in nursing or welfare homes were all excluded. All patients were interviewed with a series of questionnaires for evaluation of symptoms and health-related quality of life, underwent physical examinations and a 6-min walking test, and received blood tests. A stratified sampling procedure was used to sample patients according to their highest seven-category scale during their hospital stay as 3, 4, and 5–6, to receive pulmonary function test, high resolution CT of the chest, and ultrasonography. Enrolled patients who had participated in the Lopinavir Trial for Suppression of SARS-CoV-2 in China received severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibody tests. Multivariable adjusted linear or logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between disease severity and long-term health consequences. Findings In total, 1733 of 2469 discharged patients with COVID-19 were enrolled after 736 were excluded. Patients had a median age of 57·0 (IQR 47·0–65·0) years and 897 (52%) were men. The follow-up study was done from June 16, to Sept 3, 2020, and the median follow-up time after symptom onset was 186·0 (175·0–199·0) days. Fatigue or muscle weakness (63%, 1038 of 1655) and sleep difficulties (26%, 437 of 1655) were the most common symptoms. Anxiety or depression was reported among 23% (367 of 1617) of patients. The proportions of median 6-min walking distance less than the lower limit of the normal range were 24% for those at severity scale 3, 22% for severity scale 4, and 29% for severity scale 5–6. The corresponding proportions of patients with diffusion impairment were 22% for severity scale 3, 29% for scale 4, and 56% for scale 5–6, and median CT scores were 3·0 (IQR 2·0–5·0) for severity scale 3, 4·0 (3·0–5·0) for scale 4, and 5·0 (4·0–6·0) for scale 5–6. After multivariable adjustment, patients showed an odds ratio (OR) 1·61 (95% CI 0·80–3·25) for scale 4 versus scale 3 and 4·60 (1·85–11·48) for scale 5–6 versus scale 3 for diffusion impairment; OR 0·88 (0·66–1·17) for scale 4 versus scale 3 and OR 1·77 (1·05–2·97) for scale 5–6 versus scale 3 for anxiety or depression, and OR 0·74 (0·58–0·96) for scale 4 versus scale 3 and 2·69 (1·46–4·96) for scale 5–6 versus scale 3 for fatigue or muscle weakness. Of 94 patients with blood antibodies tested at follow-up, the seropositivity (96·2% vs 58·5%) and median titres (19·0 vs 10·0) of the neutralising antibodies were significantly lower compared with at the acute phase. 107 of 822 participants without acute kidney injury and with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or more at acute phase had eGFR less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 at follow-up. Interpretation At 6 months after acute infection, COVID-19 survivors were mainly troubled with fatigue or muscle weakness, sleep difficulties, and anxiety or depression. Patients who were more severely ill during their hospital stay had more severe impaired pulmonary diffusion capacities and abnormal chest imaging manifestations, and are the main target population for intervention of long-term recovery. Funding National Natural Science Foundation of China, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences, National Key Research and Development Program of China, Major Projects of National Science and Technology on New Drug Creation and Development of Pulmonary Tuberculosis, and Peking Union Medical College Foundation.
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              Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome

              Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has resulted in global healthcare crises and strained health resources. As the population of patients recovering from COVID-19 grows, it is paramount to establish an understanding of the healthcare issues surrounding them. COVID-19 is now recognized as a multi-organ disease with a broad spectrum of manifestations. Similarly to post-acute viral syndromes described in survivors of other virulent coronavirus epidemics, there are increasing reports of persistent and prolonged effects after acute COVID-19. Patient advocacy groups, many members of which identify themselves as long haulers, have helped contribute to the recognition of post-acute COVID-19, a syndrome characterized by persistent symptoms and/or delayed or long-term complications beyond 4 weeks from the onset of symptoms. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on post-acute COVID-19, its pathophysiology and its organ-specific sequelae. Finally, we discuss relevant considerations for the multidisciplinary care of COVID-19 survivors and propose a framework for the identification of those at high risk for post-acute COVID-19 and their coordinated management through dedicated COVID-19 clinics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                5 April 2022
                2022
                5 April 2022
                : 13
                : 1
                : 2055294
                Affiliations
                [a ]School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University , Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
                [b ]Center for Optometry and Visual Science, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Nanning, People’s Republic of China
                [c ]Faculty of Medicine, JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
                [d ]Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong, People’s Republic of China
                [e ]The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , 74 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
                [f ]Department of scientific research, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Nanning, People’s Republic of China
                [g ]Department of education, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Nanning, People’s Republic of China
                [h ]Dongguan Songshan Lake Central Hospital , Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
                [i ]Shenzhen Nanshan District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
                [j ]Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreas and Spleen Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region , Nanning, People’s Republic of China
                [k ]School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
                [l ]Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
                [m ]Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales , Sydney, NSW, Australia
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Huachun Zou zouhuachun@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, 66 Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

                [**]

                These corresponding authors contributed equally to the manuscript.

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                Article
                2055294
                10.1080/20008198.2022.2055294
                8986234
                35401948
                0c3288ea-e811-4b10-bf0d-f59e3556099c
                © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 5, Equations: 0, References: 58, Pages: 13
                Categories
                Clinical Research Article
                Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                depression,anxiety,post-traumatic growth,covid-19,survivor,depresión,ansiedad,crecimiento postraumático,sobreviviente,抑郁,焦虑,创伤后成长,幸存者

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