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      The Widom line as the crossover between liquid-like and gas-like behaviour in supercritical fluids

      Author(s): , , , , , ,
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      Journal: Nature Physics
      Publisher: Springer Nature

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          Metallization of Fluid Molecular Hydrogen at 140 GPa (1.4 Mbar)

          S. T. Weir, A. C. Mitchell, W. Nellis (1996)
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            Single-bonded cubic form of nitrogen.

            Mikhail I. Eremets, Ivan A. Trojan, Dymitro A Dzivenko … (2004)
            Nitrogen usually consists of molecules where two atoms are strongly triple-bonded. Here, we report on an allotropic form of nitrogen where all atoms are connected with single covalent bonds, similar to carbon atoms in diamond. The compound was synthesized directly from molecular nitrogen at temperatures above 2,000 K and pressures above 110 GPa using a laser-heated diamond cell. From X-ray and Raman scattering we have identified this as the long-sought-after polymeric nitrogen with the theoretically predicted cubic gauche structure (cg-N). This cubic phase has not been observed previously in any element. The phase is a stiff substance with bulk modulus >or=300 GPa, characteristic of strong covalent solids. The polymeric nitrogen is metastable, and contrasts with previously reported amorphous non-molecular nitrogen, which is most likely a mixture of small clusters of non-molecular phases. The cg-N represents a new class of single-bonded nitrogen materials with unique properties such as energy capacity: more than five times that of the most powerfully energetic materials.
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              Relation Between the Widom line and the Strong-Fragile Dynamic Crossover in Systems with a Liquid-Liquid Phase Transition

              , , … (2005)
              We investigate, for two water models displaying a liquid-liquid critical point, the relation between changes in dynamic and thermodynamic anomalies arising from the presence of the liquid-liquid critical point. We find a correlation between the dynamic fragility transition and the locus of specific heat maxima \(C_P^{\rm max}\) (``Widom line'') emanating from the critical point. Our findings are consistent with a possible relation between the previously hypothesized liquid-liquid phase transition and the transition in the dynamics recently observed in neutron scattering experiments on confined water. More generally, we argue that this connection between \(C_P^{\rm max}\) and dynamic crossover is not limited to the case of water, a hydrogen bond network forming liquid, but is a more general feature of crossing the Widom line. Specifically, we also study the Jagla potential, a spherically-symmetric two-scale potential known to possess a liquid-liquid critical point, in which the competition between two liquid structures is generated by repulsive and attractive ramp interactions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Nature Physics
                Abbreviated Title: Nat Phys
                Publisher: Springer Nature
                ISSN (Print): 1745-2473
                ISSN (Electronic): 1745-2481
                Publication date Created: June 6 2010
                Publication date (Print): June 6 2010
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 503-507
                Article
                DOI: 10.1038/nphys1683
                SO-VID: 0cbc0d4c-c4ad-4deb-87be-fa999d29ddbd
                Copyright © © 2010
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