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      The functional role of long non-coding RNA in human carcinomas

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , , 1 , 2 , 1 , 3
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Molecular Cancer
      Publisher: BioMed Central

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          Abstract

          Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are emerging as new players in the cancer paradigm demonstrating potential roles in both oncogenic and tumor suppressive pathways. These novel genes are frequently aberrantly expressed in a variety of human cancers, however the biological functions of the vast majority remain unknown. Recently, evidence has begun to accumulate describing the molecular mechanisms by which these RNA species function, providing insight into the functional roles they may play in tumorigenesis. In this review, we highlight the emerging functional role of lncRNAs in human cancer.

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          Origins and Mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs.

          Richard W. Carthew, Erik J. Sontheimer (2009)
          Over the last decade, approximately 20-30 nucleotide RNA molecules have emerged as critical regulators in the expression and function of eukaryotic genomes. Two primary categories of these small RNAs--short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs)--act in both somatic and germline lineages in a broad range of eukaryotic species to regulate endogenous genes and to defend the genome from invasive nucleic acids. Recent advances have revealed unexpected diversity in their biogenesis pathways and the regulatory mechanisms that they access. Our understanding of siRNA- and miRNA-based regulation has direct implications for fundamental biology as well as disease etiology and treatment.
          Article 0 comments Cited 1542 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Long noncoding RNA as modular scaffold of histone modification complexes.

            Miao-Chih Tsai, Ohad Manor, Yue Wan … (2010)
            Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) regulate chromatin states and epigenetic inheritance. Here, we show that the lincRNA HOTAIR serves as a scaffold for at least two distinct histone modification complexes. A 5' domain of HOTAIR binds polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), whereas a 3' domain of HOTAIR binds the LSD1/CoREST/REST complex. The ability to tether two distinct complexes enables RNA-mediated assembly of PRC2 and LSD1 and coordinates targeting of PRC2 and LSD1 to chromatin for coupled histone H3 lysine 27 methylation and lysine 4 demethylation. Our results suggest that lincRNAs may serve as scaffolds by providing binding surfaces to assemble select histone modification enzymes, thereby specifying the pattern of histone modifications on target genes.
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              RNA maps reveal new RNA classes and a possible function for pervasive transcription.

              Philipp Kapranov, Jill Cheng, Sujit Dike … (2007)
              Significant fractions of eukaryotic genomes give rise to RNA, much of which is unannotated and has reduced protein-coding potential. The genomic origins and the associations of human nuclear and cytosolic polyadenylated RNAs longer than 200 nucleotides (nt) and whole-cell RNAs less than 200 nt were investigated in this genome-wide study. Subcellular addresses for nucleotides present in detected RNAs were assigned, and their potential processing into short RNAs was investigated. Taken together, these observations suggest a novel role for some unannotated RNAs as primary transcripts for the production of short RNAs. Three potentially functional classes of RNAs have been identified, two of which are syntenically conserved and correlate with the expression state of protein-coding genes. These data support a highly interleaved organization of the human transcriptome.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Mol Cancer
                Title: Molecular Cancer
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1476-4598
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 April 2011
                Volume: 10
                Page: 38
                Affiliations
                [1 ]British Columbia Cancer Agency Research Centre, Vancouver, Canada
                [2 ]Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
                [3 ]Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1476-4598-10-38
                DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-10-38
                PMC ID: 3098824
                PubMed ID: 21489289
                SO-VID: 0dc18374-2f00-4da7-9c6c-22ee0fe93d06
                Copyright © Copyright ©2011 Gibb et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 January 2011
                Date accepted : 13 April 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy

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