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      Anatomy of the Ophthalmic Artery: A Review concerning Its Modern Surgical and Clinical Applications

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          Abstract

          Anatomy of ophthalmic artery has been thoroughly studied and reviewed in many anatomical and surgical textbooks and papers. Issues of interest are its intracranial and extracranial course, its branches, its importance for vision, and its interaction with various intracranial pathologies. Improvement of our understanding about pathophysiology of certain diseases like aneurysm formation, central retinal artery occlusion, and retinoblastoma and also invention of new therapeutic modalities like superselective catheterization, intra-arterial fibrinolysis, and intra-arterial chemotherapy necessitate a reappraisal of its anatomy from a clinical point of view. The aim of this review is to examine clinical anatomy of ophthalmic artery and correlate it with new diagnostic and therapeutic applications.

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          Medical education in the anatomical sciences: the winds of change continue to blow.

          Richard Drake, Jennifer M McBride, Nirusha Lachman … (2015)
          At most institutions, education in the anatomical sciences has undergone several changes over the last decade. To identify the changes that have occurred in gross anatomy, microscopic anatomy, neuroscience/neuroanatomy, and embryology courses, directors of these courses were asked to respond to a survey with questions pertaining to total course hours, hours of lecture, and hours of laboratory, whether the course was part of an integrated program or existed as a stand-alone course, and what type of laboratory experience occurred in the course. These data were compared to data obtained from a similar survey in 2002. Comparison between the data sets suggests several key points some of which include: decreased total hours in gross anatomy and neuroscience/neuroanatomy courses, increased use of virtual microscopy in microscopic anatomy courses, and decreased laboratory hours in embryology courses.
          Article 0 comments Cited 147 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Central retinal artery occlusion: visual outcome.

            Shawn M. Zimmerman, Sohan Hayreh (2005)
            To investigate systematically the natural history of visual outcome in central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). Cohort study. At entry, 244 consecutive patients (260 eyes) with CRAO (seen consecutively from 1973 to 2000) had a detailed ocular and medical history and ocular evaluation. CRAO eyes were classified into four categories: non-arteritic (NA) CRAO (171 eyes), NA-CRAO with cilioretinal artery sparing (35), transient NA-CRAO (41), and arteritic CRAO (13). Within 7 days of onset of CRAO, initial visual acuity differed among the four CRAO types (P < .0001). In eyes with vision of counting fingers or worse, it improved in 82% of eyes with transient NA-CRAO, 67% of eyes with NA-CRAO with cilioretinal artery sparing, and 22% of eyes with NA-CRAO. Visual acuity improved primarily within the first 7 days (P < .0001). In the central 30-degree visual field, central scotoma was most common. Central visual field improved in 39% with transient NA-CRAO, 25% with NA-CRAO with cilioretinal artery sparing, and 21% with NA-CRAO. Peripheral visual field was normal in 62.9% of eyes with transient NA-CRAO and 22.1% in those with NA-CRAO. In 51.9% of eyes with NA-CRAO, the only remaining visual field was a peripheral island. Peripheral fields improved in NA-CRAO (39%) and in transient NA-CRAO (39%). Classification of CRAO is crucial for understanding differences in visual outcome. Marked improvement in visual acuity and visual field can occur without treatment and is determined by several factors. Visual field information is essential to evaluate visual disability in CRAO.
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              A review of central retinal artery occlusion: clinical presentation and management.

              D Varma, S Cugati, A Lee … (2013)
              Central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) is an ophthalmic emergency and the ocular analogue of cerebral stroke. Best evidence reflects that over three-quarters of patients suffer profound acute visual loss with a visual acuity of 20/400 or worse. This results in a reduced functional capacity and quality of life. There is also an increased risk of subsequent cerebral stroke and ischaemic heart disease. There are no current guideline-endorsed therapies, although the use of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has been investigated in two randomized controlled trials. This review will describe the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of CRAO, and discuss current and future treatments, including the use of tPA in further clinical trials.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Anat Res Int
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Anat Res Int
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ARI
                Title: Anatomy Research International
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-2743
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-2751
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 9 November 2015
                Volume: 2015
                Electronic Location Identifier: 591961
                Affiliations
                Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Mikras Asias 71 Street, Goudi, 15771 Athens, Greece
                Author notes
                *Theodore Troupis: ttroupis@ 123456gmail.com

                Academic Editor: Friedrich Paulsen

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2015/591961
                PMC ID: 4655262
                PubMed ID: 26635976
                SO-VID: 0e52bcec-57be-43ac-8881-f2323f92a647
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Adamantios Michalinos et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 June 2015
                Date accepted : 22 October 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anatomy & Physiology

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