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      Hypoxemia during procedural sedation in adult patients: a retrospective observational study Translated title: L’hypoxémie pendant la sédation chez le patient adulte: une étude observationnelle rétrospective

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Since 2010, new guidelines for procedural sedation and the Helsinki Declaration on Patient Safety have increased patient safety, comfort, and acceptance considerably. Nevertheless, the administration of sedatives and opioids during sedation procedures may put the patient at risk of hypoxemia. However, data on hypoxemia during procedural sedation are scarce. Here, we studied the incidence and severity of hypoxemia during procedural sedations in our hospital.

          Methods

          A historical, single-centre cohort study was performed at the University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), a tertiary centre in the Netherlands. Data from procedural sedation in our hospital between 1 January 2011 and 31 December 2018 (3,459 males and 2,534 females; total, 5,993) were extracted from our Anesthesia Information Management System. Hypoxemia was defined as peripheral oxygen saturation < 90% lasting at least two consecutive minutes. The severity of hypoxemia was calculated as area under the curve. The relationship between the severity of hypoxemia and body mass index (BMI), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Physical Status classification, and duration of the procedure was investigated. The primary outcome was the incidence of hypoxemia.

          Results

          Twenty-nine percent of moderately to deeply sedated patients developed hypoxemia. A high incidence of hypoxemia was found in patients undergoing procedures in the heart catheterization room (54%) and in patients undergoing bronchoscopy procedures (56%). Hypoxemia primarily occurred in longer lasting procedures (> 120 min) and especially in the latter phases of the procedures. There was no relationship between severity of hypoxemia and BMI or ASA Physical Status.

          Conclusions

          This study showed that a considerable number of patients are at risk of hypoxemia during procedural sedation with a positive correlation shown with increasing duration of medical procedures. Additional prospective research is needed to investigate the clinical consequences of this cumulative hypoxemia.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Depuis 2010, les nouvelles lignes directrices pour la sédation procédurale et la Déclaration d’Helsinki concernant la sécurité des patients ont considérablement augmenté la sécurité, le confort et l’acceptation des patients. L’administration de sédatifs et d’opioïdes pendant les interventions sous sédation peut toutefois mettre le patient à risque d’hypoxémie. Cependant, les données concernant l’hypoxémie pendant une sédation procédurale sont rares. Ici, nous avons étudié l’incidence et la sévérité de l’hypoxémie pendant la sédation procédurale dans notre hôpital.

          Méthode

          Une étude de cohorte historique monocentrique a été réalisée au Centre médical universitaire d’Utrecht (UMCU), un centre tertiaire aux Pays-Bas. Les données des sédations procédurales réalisées dans notre hôpital entre le 1 er janvier 2011 et le 31 décembre 2018 (3459 hommes et 2534 femmes; au total, 5993 patients) ont été extraites de notre système de gestion de l’information en anesthésie. L’hypoxémie a été définie comme une saturation périphérique en oxygène < 90 % durant au moins deux minutes consécutives. La sévérité de l’hypoxémie a été calculée en tant que surface sous la courbe. Les relations entre la sévérité de l’hypoxémie et l’indice de masse corporelle (IMC), la classification du statut physique selon l’American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) et la durée de l’intervention ont été étudiées. Le critère d’évaluation principal était l’incidence d’hypoxémie.

          Résultats

          Vingt-neuf pour cent des patients sous sédation modérée à profonde ont développé une hypoxémie. Une incidence élevée d’hypoxémie a été observée chez les patients subissant des interventions en salle d’hémodynamie (54 %) et chez les patients subissant des bronchoscopies (56 %). L’hypoxémie est principalement survenue lors d’interventions plus longues (> 120 min) et particulièrement dans les phases plus tardives des interventions. Aucune relation n’a été observée entre la sévérité de l’hypoxémie et l’IMC ou le statut physique ASA.

          Conclusion

          Cette étude a démontré qu’un nombre considérable de patients sont à risque d’hypoxémie pendant la sédation procédurale, une corrélation positive ayant été démontrée avec une durée prolongée des interventions médicales. D’autres recherches prospectives sont nécessaires pour étudier les conséquences cliniques de cette hypoxémie cumulée.

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          Most cited references27

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          Validity and reliability of the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale: study with intravenous midazolam.

          The Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation (OAA/S) Scale was developed to measure the level of alertness in subjects who are sedated. This scale was tested in 18 subjects in a three-period crossover study to assess its reliability and its criterion, behavioral, and construct validity. After receiving either placebo or a titrated dose of midazolam to produce light or heavy sedation, each subject was administered two sedation scales (OAA/S Scale and a Visual Analogue Scale) and two performances tests (Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Serial Sevens Subtraction). Two raters individually evaluated the subject's level of alertness on each of the two sedation scales. The results obtained on the OAA/S Scale were reliable and valid as measured by high correlations between the two raters and high correlations between the OAA/S Scale and two of the three standard tests used in this study. The OAA/S Scale was sensitive to the level of midazolam administered; all pairwise comparisons were significant (p less than 0.05) for all three treatment levels at both test periods.
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            Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology.

            This guideline aims to provide an overview of the present knowledge on aspects of perioperative fasting with assessment of the quality of the evidence. A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases to identify trials published between 1950 and late 2009 concerned with preoperative fasting, early resumption of oral intake and the effects of oral carbohydrate mixtures on gastric emptying and postoperative recovery. One study on preoperative fasting which had not been included in previous reviews and a further 13 studies published since the most recent review were identified. The searches also identified 20 potentially relevant studies of oral carbohydrates and 53 on early resumption of oral intake. Publications were classified in terms of their evidence level, scientific validity and clinical relevance. The Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network scoring system for assessing level of evidence and grade of recommendations was used. The key recommendations are that adults and children should be encouraged to drink clear fluids up to 2 h before elective surgery (including caesarean section) and all but one member of the guidelines group consider that tea or coffee with milk added (up to about one fifth of the total volume) are still clear fluids. Solid food should be prohibited for 6 h before elective surgery in adults and children, although patients should not have their operation cancelled or delayed just because they are chewing gum, sucking a boiled sweet or smoking immediately prior to induction of anaesthesia. These recommendations also apply to patients with obesity, gastro-oesophageal reflux and diabetes and pregnant women not in labour. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the routine use of antacids, metoclopramide or H2-receptor antagonists before elective surgery in non-obstetric patients, but an H2-receptor antagonist should be given before elective caesarean section, with an intravenous H2-receptor antagonist given prior to emergency caesarean section, supplemented with 30 ml of 0.3 mol l(-1) sodium citrate if general anaesthesia is planned. Infants should be fed before elective surgery. Breast milk is safe up to 4 h and other milks up to 6 h. Thereafter, clear fluids should be given as in adults. The guidelines also consider the safety and possible benefits of preoperative carbohydrates and offer advice on the postoperative resumption of oral intake.
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              Endoscopist-directed administration of propofol: a worldwide safety experience.

              Endoscopist-directed propofol sedation (EDP) remains controversial. We sought to update the safety experience of EDP and estimate the cost of using anesthesia specialists for endoscopic sedation. We reviewed all published work using EDP. We contacted all endoscopists performing EDP for endoscopy that we were aware of to obtain their safety experience. These complications were available in all patients: endotracheal intubations, permanent neurologic injuries, and death. A total of 646,080 (223,656 published and 422,424 unpublished) EDP cases were identified. Endotracheal intubations, permanent neurologic injuries, and deaths were 11, 0, and 4, respectively. Deaths occurred in 2 patients with pancreatic cancer, a severely handicapped patient with mental retardation, and a patient with severe cardiomyopathy. The overall number of cases requiring mask ventilation was 489 (0.1%) of 569,220 cases with data available. For sites specifying mask ventilation risk by procedure type, 185 (0.1%) of 185,245 patients and 20 (0.01%) of 142,863 patients required mask ventilation during their esophagogastroduodenoscopy or colonoscopy, respectively (P < .001). The estimated cost per life-year saved to substitute anesthesia specialists in these cases, assuming they would have prevented all deaths, was $5.3 million. EDP thus far has a lower mortality rate than that in published data on endoscopist-delivered benzodiazepines and opioids and a comparable rate to that in published data on general anesthesia by anesthesiologists. In the cases described here, use of anesthesia specialists to deliver propofol would have had high costs relative to any potential benefit.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                p.blankman-3@umcutrecht.nl
                Journal
                Can J Anaesth
                Can J Anaesth
                Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
                Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                0832-610X
                1496-8975
                20 April 2021
                20 April 2021
                2021
                : 68
                : 9
                : 1349-1357
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.7692.a, ISNI 0000000090126352, Section of vital functions, Department of Anesthesiology, , UMC Utrecht, ; Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [2 ]GRID grid.413357.7, ISNI 0000 0000 8704 3732, Department of Anesthesiology, , Cantonal Hospital Aarau, ; Aarau, Switzerland
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7024-0611
                Article
                1992
                10.1007/s12630-021-01992-6
                8376691
                33880728
                0e653d57-fe1f-41aa-8a7f-06a339b48d61
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

                History
                : 20 December 2020
                : 4 March 2021
                : 7 March 2021
                Categories
                Reports of Original Investigations
                Custom metadata
                © Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society 2021

                Anesthesiology & Pain management
                procedural sedation,hypoxemia,respiratory complications,safety

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