For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
2
views
143
references
 Top references
cited by
27
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      412
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis of Viral Infections in Humans

      review-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Most cells can release extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane vesicles containing various proteins, nucleic acids, enzymes, and signaling molecules. The exchange of EVs between cells facilitates intercellular communication, amplification of cellular responses, immune response modulation, and perhaps alterations in viral pathogenicity. EVs serve a dual role in inhibiting or enhancing viral infection and pathogenesis. This review examines the current literature on EVs to explore the complex role of EVs in the enhancement, inhibition, and potential use as a nanotherapeutic against clinically relevant viruses, focusing on neurotropic viruses: Zika virus (ZIKV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Overall, this review’s scope will elaborate on EV-based mechanisms, which impact viral pathogenicity, facilitate viral spread, and modulate antiviral immune responses.

          Related collections

          Most cited references143

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Shedding light on the cell biology of extracellular vesicles

          Guillaume van Niel, Gisela D'Angelo, Graça Raposo (2018)
          Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures comprising exosomes and microvesicles, which originate from the endosomal system or which are shed from the plasma membrane, respectively. They are present in biological fluids and are involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes. Extracellular vesicles are now considered as an additional mechanism for intercellular communication, allowing cells to exchange proteins, lipids and genetic material. Knowledge of the cellular processes that govern extracellular vesicle biology is essential to shed light on the physiological and pathological functions of these vesicles as well as on clinical applications involving their use and/or analysis. However, in this expanding field, much remains unknown regarding the origin, biogenesis, secretion, targeting and fate of these vesicles.
          Article 0 comments Cited 2357 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Biogenesis and secretion of exosomes.

            Joanna Kowal, Mercedes Tkach, Clotilde Théry (2014)
            Although observed for several decades, the release of membrane-enclosed vesicles by cells into their surrounding environment has been the subject of increasing interest in the past few years, which led to the creation, in 2012, of a scientific society dedicated to the subject: the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. Convincing evidence that vesicles allow exchange of complex information fuelled this rise in interest. But it has also become clear that different types of secreted vesicles co-exist, with different intracellular origins and modes of formation, and thus probably different compositions and functions. Exosomes are one sub-type of secreted vesicles. They form inside eukaryotic cells in multivesicular compartments, and are secreted when these compartments fuse with the plasma membrane. Interestingly, different families of molecules have been shown to allow intracellular formation of exosomes and their subsequent secretion, which suggests that even among exosomes different sub-types exist. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
            Article 0 comments Cited 777 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Ceramide triggers budding of exosome vesicles into multivesicular endosomes.

              Katarina Trajkovic, Chieh Hsu, Salvatore Chiantia … (2008)
              Intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular endosomes are either sorted for cargo degradation into lysosomes or secreted as exosomes into the extracellular milieu. The mechanisms underlying the sorting of membrane into the different populations of intraluminal vesicles are unknown. Here, we find that cargo is segregated into distinct subdomains on the endosomal membrane and that the transfer of exosome-associated domains into the lumen of the endosome did not depend on the function of the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) machinery, but required the sphingolipid ceramide. Purified exosomes were enriched in ceramide, and the release of exosomes was reduced after the inhibition of neutral sphingomyelinases. These results establish a pathway in intraendosomal membrane transport and exosome formation.
              Article 0 comments Cited 706 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Viruses
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Viruses
                Journal ID (publisher-id): viruses
                Title: Viruses
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1999-4915
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 October 2020
                Publication date Collection: October 2020
                Volume: 12
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1200
                Affiliations
                Department of Immunology and Nanomedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine at Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA; acaob001@ 123456fiu.edu (A.C.); nairm@ 123456fiu.edu (M.N.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: adraymon@ 123456fiu.edu
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4249-2296
                Article
                Publisher ID: viruses-12-01200
                DOI: 10.3390/v12101200
                PMC ID: 7589806
                PubMed ID: 33096825
                SO-VID: 0ea4d171-4f5f-47d0-94d1-b2aa483f393f
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 27 July 2020
                Date accepted : 20 September 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: exosomes,extracellular vesicles (evs),viruses,pathology,hiv,zika,retrovirus,herpes virus,coronavirus,therapeutics
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: exosomes, extracellular vesicles (evs), viruses, pathology, hiv, zika, retrovirus, herpes virus, coronavirus, therapeutics

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content412

                See all similar

                Cited by27

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors2,019

                See all reference authors