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      Effect of seed priming with NaCl on the induction of salinity tolerance in Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão in vitro Translated title: Efeito do seed priming com NaCl na indução de tolerância à salinidade em Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão in vitro

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          Abstract

          Abstract Soil salinization is an environmental factor that frequently occurs in semi-arid regions around the world and seed priming technique is one of the alternatives to obtain the greatest establishment of seedlings in the field, through the induction of tolerance to environmental stresses. This research aimed to evaluate the effect of seed priming with NaCl on the induction of salinity tolerance in Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão in vitro. The research was carried out at the Center for Strategic Technologies of the Northeast, in Recife / PE-Brazil M. urundeuva seeds were disinfected and submitted to two treatments: water (control) or NaCl (2mM), and inoculated in WPM medium at three saline concentrations (0.0; 25.0 and 50.0 mM NaCl) for 45 days. Plant height, number of leaves, fresh biomass (total, shoot, and root), shoot/root ratio, sodium and potassium and Na/K ratio, antioxidant enzyme activity, and peroxide content were evaluated malondialdehyde hydrogen. The data were subjected to variance analysis and the results were compared using the Student-Newman-Keuls test at 5% probability, using the R software. Seed priming with NaCl promoted a beneficial effect on the height of seedlings exposed to salinity. On the other hand, height was inversely proportional to saline concentrations, regardless of seed priming. The shoot/root ratio was also lower in seedlings cultivated under 25 and 50 mM NaCl. Despite being favorable for most growth variables, seed priming with NaCl induced an increase in lipid peroxidation in seedlings that were not exposed to salinity, which is linked to a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The antagonistic response to NaCl stimulation between growth parameters and plant defense observed in the present research raises the need for further complementary studies that make it possible to delineate the metabolic alterations of M. urundeuva against a chemical stimulus to induce tolerance to a given stress.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo A salinização do solo é um fator ambiental que ocorre frequentemente em regiões semi-áridas ao redor do mundo e a técnica de seed priming é uma das alternativas para se obter o maior estabelecimento de mudas no campo, através da indução de tolerância aos estresses ambientais. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito do seed priming com NaCl na indução da tolerância à salinidade em Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão in vitro. A pesquisa foi realizada no Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste, em Recife / PE-Brasil. Sementes de M. urundeuva foram desinfestadas e submetidas a dois tratamentos: água (controle) ou NaCl (2mM), e inoculadas em meio WPM em três concentrações salinas (0.0; 25.0 and 50.0 mM NaCl) por 45 dias. Foi avaliada a altura, número de folhas, biomassa fresca (total, parte aérea e raiz), razão parte aérea / raiz, sódio, potássio, razão Na / K, atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, teores de peróxido de hidrogênio e malondialdeído. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e os resultados comparados pelo teste Student-Newman-Keuls a 5% de probabilidade, utilizando o software R. O priming com NaCl promoveu efeito benéfico na altura de mudas expostas à salinidade. Todavia, a altura foi inversamente proporcional às concentrações salinas, independentemente do priming. A razão parte aérea / raiz foi menor nas mudas cultivadas sob NaCl 25 e 50 mM. Apesar de ser favorável para a maioria das variáveis de crescimento, o seed priming com NaCl induziu aumento na peroxidação lipídica em mudas não expostas à salinidade, o que está relacionado à diminuição da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes. A resposta antagônica à estimulação do NaCl entre parâmetros de crescimento e defesa das plantas na presente pesquisa levanta a necessidade de novos estudos complementares que possibilitem delinear as alterações metabólicas de M. urundeuva frente a um estímulo químico para induzir tolerância a um determinado estresse.

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          Superoxide dismutases: I. Occurrence in higher plants.

          Shoots, roots, and seeds of corn (Zea mays L., cv. Michigan 500), oats (Avena sativa L., cv. Au Sable), and peas (Pisum sativum L., cv. Wando) were analyzed for their superoxide dismutase content using a photochemical assay system consisting of methionine, riboflavin, and p-nitro blue tetrazolium. The enzyme is present in the shoots, roots, and seeds of the three species. On a dry weight basis, shoots contain more enzyme than roots. In seeds, the enzyme is present in both the embryo and the storage tissue. Electrophoresis indicated a total of 10 distinct forms of the enzyme. Corn contained seven of these forms and oats three. Peas contained one of the corn and two of the oat enzymes. Nine of the enzyme activities were eliminated with cyanide treatment suggesting that they may be cupro-zinc enzymes, whereas one was cyanide-resistant and may be a manganese enzyme. Some of the leaf superoxide dismutases were found primarily in mitochondria or chloroplasts. Peroxidases at high concentrations interfere with the assay. In test tube assays of crude extracts from seedlings, the interference was negligible. On gels, however, peroxidases may account for two of the 10 superoxide dismutase forms.
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            Plant Salinity Stress: Many Unanswered Questions Remain

            Salinity is a major threat to modern agriculture causing inhibition and impairment of crop growth and development. Here, we not only review recent advances in salinity stress research in plants but also revisit some basic perennial questions that still remain unanswered. In this review, we analyze the physiological, biochemical, and molecular aspects of Na+ and Cl− uptake, sequestration, and transport associated with salinity. We discuss the role and importance of symplastic versus apoplastic pathways for ion uptake and critically evaluate the role of different types of membrane transporters in Na+ and Cl− uptake and intercellular and intracellular ion distribution. Our incomplete knowledge regarding possible mechanisms of salinity sensing by plants is evaluated. Furthermore, a critical evaluation of the mechanisms of ion toxicity leads us to believe that, in contrast to currently held ideas, toxicity only plays a minor role in the cytosol and may be more prevalent in the vacuole. Lastly, the multiple roles of K+ in plant salinity stress are discussed.
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              Isoprene produced by leaves protects the photosynthetic apparatus against ozone damage, quenches ozone products, and reduces lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes.

              Many plants invest carbon to form isoprene. The role of isoprene in plants is unclear, but many experiments showed that isoprene may have a role in protecting plants from thermal damage. A more general antioxidant action has been recently hypothesized on the basis of the protection offered by exogenous isoprene in nonemitting plants exposed to acute ozone doses. We inhibited the synthesis of endogenous isoprene by feeding fosmidomycin and observed that Phragmites australis leaves became more sensitive to ozone than those leaves forming isoprene. Photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and fluorescence parameters were significantly affected by ozone only in leaves on which isoprene was not formed. The protective effect of isoprene was more evident when the leaves were exposed for a long time (8 h) to relatively low (100 nL L(-1)) ozone levels than when the exposure was short and acute (3 h at 300 nL L(-1)). Isoprene quenched the amount of H(2)O(2) formed in leaves and reduced lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes caused by ozone. These results indicate that isoprene may exert its protective action at the membrane level, although a similar effect could be obtained if isoprene reacted with ozone before forming active oxygen species. Irrespective of the mechanism, our results suggest that endogenous isoprene has an important antioxidant role in plants.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cflo
                Ciência Florestal
                Ciênc. Florest.
                Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (Santa Maria, RS, Brazil )
                0103-9954
                1980-5098
                December 2022
                : 32
                : 4
                : 2199-2218
                Affiliations
                [1] Recife PE orgnameCentro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste Brazil
                [3] Jequié orgnameUniversidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia Brazil
                [2] Recife PE orgnameEscola de Referência em Ensino Médio Silva Jardim Brazil
                Article
                S1980-50982022000402199 S1980-5098(22)03200402199
                10.5902/1980509867600
                0ebcb1bf-dbb0-4d28-afc7-97f08f9ffd7b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 08 September 2021
                : 30 August 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 36, Pages: 20
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Article

                Árvore,Antioxidant enzymes,Soil salinization,Tree,Caatinga,Enzimas antioxidantes,Salinização do solo

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