Sonographically Guided Deep Plantar Fascia Injections: Where Does the Injectate Go?

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Abstract

To determine the distribution of sonographically guided deep plantar fascia injections in an unembalmed cadaveric model.

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Plantar fascia rupture associated with corticosteroid injection.

J Sellman (1994)

A series of 37 patients, all with a presumptive diagnosis of plantar fascia rupture, is presented. All had had prior heel pain diagnosed as plantar fasciitis, and all had been treated with corticosteroid injection into the calcaneal origin of the fascia. One third described a sudden tearing episode in the heel, while the rest had a gradual change in symptoms. Most of the patients had relief of the original heel pain, which had been replaced by a variety of new foot problems, including dorsal and lateral midfoot pain, swelling, foot weakness, metatarsal pain, and metatarsal fracture. In all 37 patients, there was a palpable diminution in the tension of the plantar fascia on the involved side, and footprints often showed a flattening of the involved arch. Magnetic resonance imaging done on one patient showed attenuation of the plantar fascia. From these observations and data, the author concluded that plantar fascia rupture had occurred. Treatment following rupture included supportive shoes, orthoses, and time. The majority had resolution of their new symptoms, but this often took 6 to 12 months to occur. In the remainder, there were persisting symptoms. Corticosteroid injections, although helpful in the treatment of plantar fasciitis, appear to predispose to plantar fascia rupture.

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The role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis and management of idiopathic plantar fasciitis.

Eileen R. Gibney, Jacqueline M. Shanahan, O Fitzgerald … (2001)

To compare ultrasonography with bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis and to compare ultrasound-guided injection with palpation-guided injection in the management of idiopathic plantar fasciitis. Twenty-three patients with a clinical diagnosis of idiopathic plantar fasciitis in 28 heels underwent ultrasonography and bone scintigraphy of both heels at baseline. The patients were randomized to ultrasound- or palpation-guided injection of triamcinolone hexacetonide and xylocaine into the plantar fascia. The 100 mm visual analogue scale (VAS) of pain, the heel tenderness index (HTI), and ultrasonography were performed at baseline and follow-up (mean=13.4 weeks). The mean thickness (+/-standard error of the mean) of the plantar fascia, measured by ultrasonography, was 5.7+/-0.3 mm in symptomatic heels as compared with 3.8+/-0.2 mm in asymptomatic heels (P<0.001). Ultrasonography findings correlated with bone scintigraphic findings in the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis (P<0.001). Fourteen heels were randomized to ultrasound-guided injection, 10 heels were randomized to palpation-guided injection and four heels were not injected. Ultrasound- and palpation-guided injection resulted in significant mean improvements in VAS [39.6+/-9.2 (ultrasound) vs 41.5+/-8 (palpation)] and HTI [1.35+/-0.2 (ultrasound) vs 1.3+/-0.4 (palpation)]. There was no significant difference in the response rate following corticosteroid injection by either modality (ultrasound=13/14, palpation=8/10). Following injection, the mean thickness of the plantar fascia decreased from 5.7+/-0.3 mm to 4.65+/-0.4 mm (P<0.01). Ultrasonography and bone scintigraphy are equally effective in the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. Ultrasound-guided injection is effective in the management of plantar fasciitis but is not more effective than palpation-guided injection. Ultrasonography may be used as an objective measure of response to treatment in plantar fasciitis.