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      A revision of Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985 (Teleostei: Osteoglossomorpha) from the Lower Cretaceous of Brazil: Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographical implications

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          Abstract

          A re-description of the freshwater, Early Cretaceous osteoglossomorph Laeliichthys ancestralis Santos, 1985, from the Sanfranciscana Basin of Brazil, is provided. New anatomical details and a revised diagnosis, as well as a new phylogeny are presented. A phylogenetic analysis places this taxon within the Osteoglossomorpha most likely as a member of the Notopteroidei. Within this clade Laeliichthys is the sister-taxon of the Notopteridae. The subfamily Laeliichthyinae is elevated to family rank. The revised phylogenetic position revealed in this study has important consequences on the biogeography of Notopteroidei as it extends their distribution to western Gondwana, prior to the separation of South America and Africa, and extends the evolutionary origins of notopteroid lineages by at least ~27 Myr before their first appearance in the fossil record.

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          Continental break up and the distribution of fishes of Western Gondwana during the Early Cretaceous

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            Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii)

            The Ginglymodi is one of the most common, though poorly understood groups of neopterygians, which includes gars, macrosemiiforms, and “semionotiforms.” In particular, the phylogenetic relationships between the widely distributed “semionotiforms,” and between them and other ginglymodians have been enigmatic. Here, the phylogenetic relationships between eight of the 11 “semionotiform” genera, five genera of living and fossil gars and three macrosemiid genera, are analysed through cladistic analysis, based on 90 morphological characters and 37 taxa, including 7 out-group taxa. The results of the analysis show that the Ginglymodi includes two main lineages: Lepisosteiformes and †Semionotiformes. The genera †Pliodetes, †Araripelepidotes, †Lepidotes, †Scheenstia, and †Isanichthys are lepisosteiforms, and not semionotiforms, as previously thought, and these taxa extend the stratigraphic range of the lineage leading to gars back up to the Early Jurassic. A monophyletic †Lepidotes is restricted to the Early Jurassic species, whereas the strongly tritoral species previously referred to †Lepidotes are referred to †Scheenstia. Other species previously referred to †Lepidotes represent other genera or new taxa. The macrosemiids are well nested within semionotiforms, together with †Semionotidae, here restricted to †Semionotus, and a new family including †Callipurbeckia n. gen. minor (previously referred to †Lepidotes), †Macrosemimimus, †Tlayuamichin, †Paralepidotus, and †Semiolepis. Due to the numerous taxonomic changes needed according to the phylogenetic analysis, this article also includes formal taxonomic definitions and diagnoses for all generic and higher taxa, which are new or modified. The study of Mesozoic ginglymodians led to confirm Patterson’s observation that these fishes show morphological affinities with both halecomorphs and teleosts. Therefore, the compilation of large data sets including the Mesozoic ginglymodians and the re-evaluation of several hypotheses of homology are essential to test the hypotheses of the Halecostomi vs. the Holostei, which is one of the major topics in the evolution of Mesozoic vertebrates and the origin of modern fish faunas.
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              Geology and paleontology of the Upper Cretaceous Kem Kem Group of eastern Morocco

              Abstract The geological and paleoenvironmental setting and the vertebrate taxonomy of the fossiliferous, Cenomanian-age deltaic sediments in eastern Morocco, generally referred to as the “Kem Kem beds”, are reviewed. These strata are recognized here as the Kem Kem Group, which is composed of the lower Gara Sbaa and upper Douira formations. Both formations have yielded a similar fossil vertebrate assemblage of predominantly isolated elements pertaining to cartilaginous and bony fishes, turtles, crocodyliforms, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs, as well as invertebrate, plant, and trace fossils. These fossils, now in collections around the world, are reviewed and tabulated. The Kem Kem vertebrate fauna is biased toward large-bodied carnivores including at least four large-bodied non-avian theropods (an abelisaurid, Spinosaurus , Carcharodontosaurus , and Deltadromeus ), several large-bodied pterosaurs, and several large crocodyliforms. No comparable modern terrestrial ecosystem exists with similar bias toward large-bodied carnivores. The Kem Kem vertebrate assemblage, currently the best documented association just prior to the onset of the Cenomanian-Turonian marine transgression, captures the taxonomic diversity of a widespread northern African fauna better than any other contemporary assemblage from elsewhere in Africa.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                29 October 2020
                2020
                : 15
                : 10
                : e0241009
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biologia (IBRAG), Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
                [2 ] Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
                Università degli Studi di Torino, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4853-8630
                Article
                PONE-D-20-25270
                10.1371/journal.pone.0241009
                7595333
                33119676
                0ee87e19-37d5-485f-b1c6-f0726353a237
                © 2020 Brito et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 12 August 2020
                : 6 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 1, Pages: 20
                Funding
                Funded by: www.cnpq.br
                Award ID: 310101/2017-4
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: www.faperj.br
                Award ID: E-26/202.890/2018
                Award Recipient :
                PMB is supported by the CNPq [grant #310101/2017-4], 601 FAPERJ [grant #E-26/202.890/2018], and a Prociência fellowship.
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