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      Oestrogenicity and chemical target analysis of water from small-sized industries in Pretoria, South Africa

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          Abstract

          Increasing concern about endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their effects on humans, animals and the environment resulted in this study being conducted. Water from 7 sites in the Pretoria West area (South Africa), with significant numbers of small-sized industries, was screened for oestrogenicity, using the Recombinant Yeast Cell Bioassay (RCBA). Target chemical analyses were carried out to establish the presence of EDCs, including p-nonylphenol (p-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), phthalate esters, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and various organochlorine pesticides, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). p-NP, PCBs and organochlorine pesticides were detected using LECO Pegasus II MSTOF and BPA and phthalates were detected using the GC-MS method. Oestrogenic activity was detected in all the samples collected from these sites. Lindane, an organochlorine pesticide, was detected at one site. p-NP, PCBs and phthalate esters were detected at some of the other sites. Small-size industries were found to contribute to EDC pollution of water in the Pretoria West area.

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          Developmental effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in wildlife and humans.

          T Colborn, F S vom Saal, A M Soto (1993)
          Large numbers and large quantities of endocrine-disrupting chemicals have been released into the environment since World War II. Many of these chemicals can disturb development of the endocrine system and of the organs that respond to endocrine signals in organisms indirectly exposed during prenatal and/or early postnatal life; effects of exposure during development are permanent and irreversible. The risk to the developing organism can also stem from direct exposure of the offspring after birth or hatching. In addition, transgenerational exposure can result from the exposure of the mother to a chemical at any time throughout her life before producing offspring due to persistence of endocrine-disrupting chemicals in body fat, which is mobilized during egg laying or pregnancy and lactation. Mechanisms underlying the disruption of the development of vital systems, such as the endocrine, reproductive, and immune systems, are discussed with reference to wildlife, laboratory animals, and humans.
          Article 0 comments Cited 106 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Geographic differences in semen quality of fertile U.S. males.

            Shanna Swan, Charlene Brazil, Erma Drobnis … (2003)
            Although geographic variation in semen quality has been reported, this is the first study in the United States to compare semen quality among study centers using standardized methods and strict quality control. We evaluated semen specimens from partners of 512 pregnant women recruited through prenatal clinics in four U.S. cities during 1999-2001; 91% of men provided two specimens. Sperm concentration, semen volume, and motility were determined at the centers, and morphology was assessed at a central laboratory. Study protocols were identical across centers, and quality control was rigorously maintained. Sperm concentration was significantly lower in Columbia, Missouri, than in New York, New York; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Los Angeles, California. Mean counts were 58.7, 102.9, 98.6, and 80.8 X 10(6)/mL (medians 53.5, 88.5, 81.8, and 64.8 X 10(6)/mL) in Missouri, New York, Minnesota, and California, respectively. The total number of motile sperm was also lower in Missouri than in other centers: 113, 196, 201, and 162 X 10(6) in Missouri, New York, Minnesota, and California, respectively. Semen volume and the percent morphologically normal sperm did not differ appreciably among centers. These between-center differences remained significant in multivariate models that controlled for abstinence time, semen analysis time, age, race, smoking, history of sexually transmitted disease, and recent fever (all p-values < 0.01). Confounding factors and differences in study methods are unlikely to account for the lower semen quality seen in this mid-Missouri population. These data suggest that sperm concentration and motility may be reduced in semirural and agricultural areas relative to more urban and less agriculturally exposed areas.
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              In utero exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment among young Mexican American children.

              Brenda Eskenazi, Amy R Marks, Asa Bradman … (2006)
              We investigated the relationship between prenatal exposure to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE) and neurodevelopment of Mexican farm-workers' children in California. Participants from the Center for the Health Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas study, a birth cohort study, included 360 singletons with maternal serum measures of p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDE. Psychomotor development and mental development were assessed with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development at 6, 12, and 24 months. We found a approximately 2-point decrease in Psychomotor Developmental Index scores with each 10-fold increase in p,p'-DDT levels at 6 and 12 months (but not 24 months) and p,p'-DDE levels at 6 months only. We found no association with mental development at 6 months but a 2- to 3-point decrease in Mental Developmental Index scores for p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT at 12 and 24 months, corresponding to 7- to 10-point decreases across the exposure range. Even when mothers had substantial exposure, breastfeeding was usually associated positively with Bayley scale scores. Prenatal exposure to DDT, and to a lesser extent DDE, was associated with neurodevelopmental delays during early childhood, although breastfeeding was found to be beneficial even among women with high levels of exposure. Countries considering the use of DDT should weigh its benefit in eradicating malaria against the negative associations found in this first report on DDT and human neurodevelopment.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): wsa
                Title: Water SA
                Abbreviated Title: Water SA
                Publisher: Water Research Commission (WRC) (Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa )
                ISSN (Print): 0378-4738
                ISSN (Electronic): 1816-7950
                Publication date (Print and electronic): March 2008
                Volume: 34
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 357-364
                Affiliations
                [01] Pretoria orgnameUniversity of Pretoria orgdiv1School of Health Systems and Public Health South Africa
                [02] Pretoria orgnameUniversity of Pretoria orgdiv1Department of Urology South Africa
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1816-79502008000300009 Publisher ID: S1816-7950(08)03400309
                SO-VID: 11fd3239-b523-4ba6-85bd-be3e6c55610b
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date received : 26 November 2006
                Date accepted : 13 June 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO South Africa

                Categories
                Subject: Original articles

                Keywords: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),oestrogenicity,endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs),p-nonylphenol (p-NP),bisphenol A (BPA),phthalate esters,organochlorine pesticides,dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-ethane (DDT),lindane
                Data availability:
                Keywords: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), oestrogenicity, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), p-nonylphenol (p-NP), bisphenol A (BPA), phthalate esters, organochlorine pesticides, dichlorodiphenyltrichloro-ethane (DDT), lindane

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