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      The effects of endogenous and exogenus orienting of attention on source memory Translated title: Efectos de la orientación de la atención endógena y exógena en la memoria de contexto

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          Abstract

          Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the effects of endogenous and exogenous orienting of attention on episodic memory. Thirty healthy participants performed a cueing attention paradigm during encoding, in which images of common objects were presented either to the left or to the right of the center of the screen. Before the presentation of each image, three types of symbolic cues were displayed to indicate the location in which the stimuli would appear: valid cues to elicit endogenous orientation, invalid cues to prompt exogenous orientation and neutral or uncued trials. The participants’ task was to discriminate whether the images were symmetrical or not while fixating on the center of the screen to assure the manifestation of only covert attention mechanisms. Covert attention refers to the ability to orient attention by means of central control mechanisms alone, without head and eye movements. Trials with eye movements were excluded after inspection of eye-tracker recordings that were conducted throughout the task. During retrieval, participants conducted a source memory task in which they indicated the location where the images were presented during encoding. Memory for spatial context was superior during endogenous orientation than during exogenous orientation, whereas exogenous orientation was associated with a greater number of missed responses compared to the neutral trials. The formation of episodic memory representations with contextual details benefits from endogenous attention.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los efectos de la orientación de la atención endógena y exógena en la memoria episódica. Treinta participantes sanos realizaron el paradigma de atención con claves durante la codificación, en el que se presentaron imágenes a la izquierda o derecha del centro de la pantalla. Antes de cada imagen se proyectaron tres tipos de claves que indicaban el lugar en el que se presentaría la imagen: claves válidas (orientación endógena), claves inválidas (orientación exógena) y claves neutras. Los participantes tenían que discriminar si las imágenes eran simétricas o no mientras fijaban su mirada al centro de la pantalla para asegurar solo la manifestación de mecanismos de atención encubierta. La atención encubierta se refiere a la habilidad para orientar la atención sólo por medio de mecanismos de control central sin movimientos de los ojos o la cabeza. Los ensayos con movimientos oculares fueron excluidos después de inspeccionar los registros de movimientos oculares. En la recuperación, los participantes realizaron una tarea de memoria de contexto en la que indicaron la posición en la que se había presentado cada imagen durante la codificación. La recuperación del contexto espacial fue superior en los ensayos de orientación endógena que en los ensayos de orientación exógena. La formación de representaciones de la memoria episódica con detalles contextuales se beneficia de los mecanismos de atención endógena.

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          Most cited references19

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          Attention and the detection of signals.

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            The role of decision processes in remembering and knowing.

            Participants in recognition memory studies are now often asked to partition recognized items into ones that are accompanied by some recollective experience (those they remember) and ones that are not so accompanied (but which they know were previously encountered). Rather than detecting separate memory systems, such attempts to distinguish between remembering and knowing are better understood as a division of positive recognition responses into those that lie above a second decision criterion (remember) and those that do not (know). As such, the amount of memory associated with knowing is strongly dependent on the placement of the decision criteria. A meta-analysis of published data and a simple experiment tested predictions from the decision process analysis of remember/know responses.
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              How arousal modulates memory: disentangling the effects of attention and retention.

              Emotion may influence memory both by altering attention and perception during encoding and by affecting memory retention. To date, studies have focused on the enhancement of memory consolidation by arousal. However, they have failed to rule out a role for attention. To specifically link memory enhancement of arousing material to modulation of memory retention, we examined recognition of neutral and arousing words at two time points and under conditions that manipulate attention during encoding. Participants were briefly presented with an arousing or neutral word at the periphery, while fixating on a central word. Recognition of peripheral words was assessed either immediately or after 24 h. Whereas recognition of neutral words became worse over time, recognition of arousing words remained the same and was better than neutral word recognition at delay. The results indicate that arousal supports slower forgetting even when the difference in attentional resources allocated to stimuli is minimized.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                aip
                Acta de investigación psicológica
                Acta de investigación psicol
                Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Psicología (México, DF, Mexico )
                2007-4832
                2007-4719
                2018
                : 8
                : 2
                : 80-89
                Affiliations
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Psicología Mexico
                Article
                S2007-48322018000200080
                10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2018.2.07
                121e7b84-830a-4dfc-8ee9-7982b4e202d3

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 August 2018
                : 24 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 25, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Articles

                Top-down attention,Bottom-up attention,Symbolic cue,Eye movements,Episodic memory,Atención voluntaria,Atención involuntaria,Claves simbólicas,Movimientos oculares,Memoria episódica

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