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      Catastrophic health expenditure on acute coronary events in Asia: a prospective study Translated title: Dépenses de santé catastrophiques liées à des affections coronariennes aigües en Asie: une étude prospective Translated title: Gasto sanitario catastrófico en casos coronarios agudos en Asia: un estudio prospectivo Translated title: النفقات الصحية الباهظة الناتجة عن حالات الإصابة الحادة بالشريان التاجي في آسيا: دراسة استباقية Translated title: 亚洲急性冠心病方面的灾难性卫生支出:前瞻性调查 Translated title: Катастрофические расходы на здравоохранение при остром коронарном синдроме в Азии: проспективное исследование

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To estimate out-of-pocket costs and the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure in people admitted to hospital with acute coronary syndromes in Asia.

          Methods

          Participants were enrolled between June 2011 and May 2012 into this observational study in China, India, Malaysia, Republic of Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Viet Nam. Sites were required to enrol a minimum of 10 consecutive participants who had been hospitalized for an acute coronary syndrome. Catastrophic health expenditure was defined as out-of-pocket costs of initial hospitalization > 30% of annual baseline household income, and it was assessed six weeks after discharge. We assessed associations between health expenditure and age, sex, diagnosis of the index coronary event and health insurance status of the participant, using logistic regression models.

          Findings

          Of 12 922 participants, 9370 (73%) had complete data on expenditure. The mean out-of-pocket cost was 3237 United States dollars. Catastrophic health expenditure was reported by 66% (1984/3007) of those without insurance versus 52% (3296/6366) of those with health insurance ( P < 0.05). The occurrence of catastrophic expenditure ranged from 80% (1055/1327) in uninsured and 56% (3212/5692) of insured participants in China, to 0% (0/41) in Malaysia.

          Conclusion

          Large variation exists across Asia in catastrophic health expenditure resulting from hospitalization for acute coronary syndromes. While insurance offers some protection, substantial numbers of people with health insurance still incur financial catastrophe.

          Résumé

          Objectif

          Estimer les coûts directs ainsi que l'incidence des dépenses de santé catastrophiques pour les personnes admises à l'hôpital avec un syndrome coronarien aigu en Asie.

          Les participants ont été inscrits à cette étude par observation entre juin 2011 et mai 2012 en Chine, en Inde, en Malaisie, en République de Corée, à Singapour, en Thaïlande et au Viet Nam. Les sites devaient recruter au minimum 10 participants consécutifs ayant été hospitalisés pour un syndrome coronarien aigu. Les dépenses de santé catastrophiques ont été définies comme les coûts directs d'hospitalisation initiale > 30% du revenu annuel de référence des ménages, et ont été estimées six semaines après la sortie de l'hôpital. Nous avons évalué les associations entre les dépenses de santé et l'âge, le sexe, le diagnostic de l'affection coronarienne en question et la couverture d'assurance maladie des participants, à l'aide de modèles de régression logistique.

          Sur les 12 922 participants, 9370 (73%) disposaient de données complètes sur les dépenses. Les coûts directs moyens s'élevaient à 3237 dollars des États-Unis. Des dépenses de santé catastrophiques ont été rapportées par 66% (1984/3007) des personnes sans assurance contre 52% (3296/6366) des personnes ayant une assurance maladie (P < 0,05). L'occurrence de dépenses de santé catastrophiques allait de 80% (1055/1327) des participants non assurés et 56% (3212/5692) des participants assurés en Chine, à 0% (0/41) en Malaisie.

          Conclusion

          Les pays d'Asie présentent de gros écarts en matière de dépenses de santé catastrophiques suite à une hospitalisation pour des syndromes coronariens aigus. Si le fait d'être assuré offre une certaine protection, un grand nombre de personnes ayant une assurance maladie font encore face à des catastrophes financières.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Estimar los costes directos y la incidencia del gasto sanitario catastrófico en las personas admitidas en hospitales que sufren síndromes coronarios agudos en Asia.

          Métodos

          Los participantes se inscribieron entre junio de 2011 y mayo de 2012 en este estudio de observación en China, India, Malasia, la República de Corea, Singapur, Tailandia y Vietnam. Se solicitó a cada país que inscribiera un mínimo de 10 participantes consecutivos que hubieran sido hospitalizados por un síndrome coronario agudo. El gasto sanitario catastrófico se definió como costes directos de hospitalización inicial > 30% de los ingresos familiares anuales de referencia, y se evaluó seis semanas después de recibir el alta hospitalaria. Se evaluó la relación entre el gasto sanitario y la edad, el sexo, el diagnóstico del caso coronario y la situación del seguro sanitario del participante, mediante modelos de regresión logística.

          Resultados

          De 12 922 participantes, 9 370 (73%) tenían datos completos sobre el gasto. El coste directo medio fue de 3 237 dólares estadounidenses. El gasto sanitario catastrófico se registró en un 66% (1 984/3 007) de aquellos pacientes que no contaban con seguro, frente a un 52% (3 296/6 366) de los que contaban con seguro (P < 0,05). La aparición de gastos catastróficos variaba de un 80% (1 055/1 327) de participantes sin seguro y un 56% (3 212/5 692) de participantes asegurados en China a un 0% (0/41) en Malasia.

          Conclusión

          Existe una gran variación en Asia en lo referente al gasto sanitario catastrófico derivado de la hospitalización por síndromes coronarios agudos. Aunque los seguros ofrecen cierta protección, existe un gran número de personas con seguro sanitario que aún incurren en catástrofe financiera.

          ملخص

          الغرض

          تقدير التكاليف المدفوعة من جانب المريض وأسرته ووقوع حالات من الإنفاق الصحي الباهظ للأشخاص الذين يدخلون المستشفى لإصابتهم بمتلازمات الشريان التاجي الحادة في آسيا.

          الطريقة

          تم تسجيل المشاركين في الفترة من يونيو/حزيران عام 2011 ومايو/أيار عام 2012 في هذه الدراسة الرصدية في الصين والهند وماليزيا وجمهورية كوريا وسنغافورة وتايلند وفييت نام. وكانت المواقع ملزمة بتسجيل ما لا يقل عن 10 مشاركين عولجوا على التوالي بالمستشفى لإصابتهم بمتلازمة الشريان التاجي الحادة. وقد تم تعريف النفقات الصحية الباهظة بأنها التكاليف المدفوعة من جانب المريض وأسرته عند الدخول إلى المستشفى لتلقي العلاج أول مرة > 30% من الدخل السنوي للأسرة عند خط الأساس، وتم تقييم هذه النفقات بمرور ستة أسابيع بعد الخروج من المستشفى. قمنا بتقييم علاقات الاقتران بين النفقات الصحية والعمر والجنس وتشخيص مؤشر حالة الشريان التاجي ووضع التأمين الصحي للمشارك، وذلك باستخدام نماذج التحوف اللوجيستي.

          النتائج

          من بين 12,922 مشاركًا، كان لدى 9370 مشاركًا (بنسبة 73%) البيانات الكاملة عن النفقات. بلغ متوسط النفقات المدفوعة من جانب المريض أو أسرته 3237 دولارًا أمريكيًا. وتم الإبلاغ عن النفقات الصحية الباهظة من جانب الأشخاص الذين لا يغطيهم التأمين الصحي بنسبة 66% (1984/3007) في مقابل أولئك الأشخاص الذين يغطيهم التأمين الصحي بنسبة 52% (3296/6366) (الاحتمال < 0.05). تراوح معدل حدوث النفقات الباهظة بنسبة تبلغ 80% (1055/1327) عند الأشخاص غير المؤمن عليهم وبنسبة 56% (3212/5692) عند المشاركين المؤمن عليهم في الصين، إلى 0% (0/41) في ماليزيا.

          النتائج

          من بين 12,922 مشاركًا، كان لدى 9370 مشاركًا (بنسبة 73%) البيانات الكاملة عن النفقات. بلغ متوسط النفقات المدفوعة من جانب المريض أو أسرته 3237 دولارًا أمريكيًا. وتم الإبلاغ عن النفقات الصحية الباهظة من جانب الأشخاص الذين لا يغطيهم التأمين الصحي بنسبة 66% (1984/3007) في مقابل أولئك الأشخاص الذين يغطيهم التأمين الصحي بنسبة 52% (3296/6366) (الاحتمال < 0.05). تراوح معدل حدوث النفقات الباهظة بنسبة تبلغ 80% (1055/1327) عند الأشخاص غير المؤمن عليهم وبنسبة 56% (3212/5692) عند المشاركين المؤمن عليهم في الصين، إلى 0% (0/41) في ماليزيا.

          摘要

          目的

          旨在评估亚洲急性冠心病住院病人灾难性卫生支出的自费费用和发生率。

          方法

          2011 年 6 月至 2012 年 5 月间,受访者报名参加本次在韩国、马来西亚、泰国、新加坡、越南、印度和中国开展的观察性调查。每个调查地至少需 10 名可连续参与的受访者,且其曾因急性冠心病入院治疗。灾难性卫生支出指初次住院治疗的自费部分超出家庭年收入基准的 30%,且其在费用报销六个星期后予以评估。我们通过逻辑回归模型,评估了卫生支出与年龄、性别、冠心病诊断指标和受访者医疗保险状态之间的联系。

          结果

          12 922 名受访者中,9370 (73%) 具备完整的支出数据。自费平均费用为 3237 美元。其中,未参保的受访者中,66% (1984/3007) 报告称发生灾难性卫生支出,而参加医疗保险的受访者中,52% (3296/6366) 报告称发生灾难性卫生支出 (P < 0.05)。灾难性支出发生率从中国未参保的 80% (1055/1327) 和参保的 56% (3212/5692) 到马来西亚的 0% (0/41)。

          结论

          急性冠心病治疗引起的灾难性卫生支出在亚洲地区存在很大差异。尽管保险提供某种保障,但大批参加医疗保险的人群仍旧会出现重大财务问题。

          Резюме

          Цель

          Подсчитать выплаты из собственных средств пациентов и долю катастрофических расходов на здравоохранение среди людей, госпитализированных с острым коронарным синдромом, в Азии.

          Методы

          Участники были включены в обсервационное исследование в период с июня 2011 г. по май 2012 г. во Вьетнаме, Индии, Китае, Малайзии, Республике Корея, Сингапуре и Таиланде. Для исследования как минимум 10 участников подряд, госпитализированных по причине острого коронарного синдрома, понадобились специальные центры. Катастрофические расходы на здравоохранение составили выплаты из собственных средств пациентов при первоначальной госпитализации, превышающие 30% базового уровня годового дохода семьи. При этом оценка проводилась через 6 недель после выписки из стационара. Была проведена оценка взаимосвязи между расходами на здравоохранение и возрастом, полом, показателями диагностирования индексного коронарного синдрома и наличием медицинской страховки пациента с помощью моделей логистической регрессии.

          Результаты

          Из 12 922 участников 9 370 (73%) предоставили полные данные о расходах. В среднем выплаты из собственных средств пациентов составили 3 237 долларов США. О катастрофических расходах на здравоохранение сообщили 66% (1 984 из 3 007) пациентов из тех, у кого медицинская страховка отсутствовала, против 52% (3 296 из 6 366) пациентов из тех, кто обладал медицинской страховкой (P<0,05). Частотность катастрофических расходов варьировалась от 80% (1 055 из 1 327) среди незастрахованных и 56% (3 212 из 5 692) застрахованных участников в Китае до 0% (0 из 41) в Малайзии.

          Вывод

          Существует большая разница между странами Азии в отношении катастрофических расходов на здравоохранение, вызванных госпитализацией при остром коронарном синдроме. Несмотря на то что страхование предоставляет определенную защиту, значительное количество людей, имеющих медицинскую страховку, терпят финансовый крах в вопросах здравоохранения.

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          Most cited references23

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          In this sixth paper of the Series, we review health-financing reforms in seven countries in southeast Asia that have sought to reduce dependence on out-of-pocket payments, increase pooled health finance, and expand service use as steps towards universal coverage. Laos and Cambodia, both resource-poor countries, have mostly relied on donor-supported health equity funds to reach the poor, and reliable funding and appropriate identification of the eligible poor are two major challenges for nationwide expansion. For Thailand, the Philippines, Indonesia, and Vietnam, social health insurance financed by payroll tax is commonly used for formal sector employees (excluding Malaysia), with varying outcomes in terms of financial protection. Alternative payment methods have different implications for provider behaviour and financial protection. Two alternative approaches for financial protection of the non-poor outside the formal sector have emerged-contributory arrangements and tax-financed schemes-with different abilities to achieve high population coverage rapidly. Fiscal space and mobilisation of payroll contributions are both important in accelerating financial protection. Expanding coverage of good-quality services and ensuring adequate human resources are also important to achieve universal coverage. As health-financing reform is complex, institutional capacity to generate evidence and inform policy is essential and should be strengthened. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Cardiovascular disease epidemiology in Asia: an overview.

            Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the world and half of the cases of CVD are estimated to occur in Asia. Compared with Western countries, most Asian countries, except for Japan, South Korea, Singapore and Thailand, have higher age-adjusted mortality from CVD. In Japan, the mortality from CVD, especially stroke, has declined continuously from the 1960s to the 2000s, which has contributed to making Japan into the top-ranking country for longevity in the world. Hypertension and smoking are the most notable risk factors for stroke and coronary artery disease, whereas dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke. The nationwide approach to hypertension prevention and control has contributed to a substantial decline in stroke mortality in Japan. Recent antismoking campaigns have contributed to a decline in the smoking rate among men. Conversely, the prevalence of dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus increased from the 1980s to the 2000s and, therefore, the population-attributable risks of CVD for dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus have increased moderately. To prevent future CVD in Asia, the intensive prevention programs for hypertension and smoking should be continued and that for emerging metabolic risk factors should be intensified in Japan. The successful intervention programs in Japan can be applied to other Asian countries.
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              The global impact of non-communicable diseases on households and impoverishment: a systematic review.

              The global economic impact of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) on household expenditures and poverty indicators remains less well understood. To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature evaluating the global economic impact of six NCDs [including coronary heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer (lung, colon, cervical and breast), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD)] on households and impoverishment. Medline, Embase and Google Scholar databases were searched from inception to November 6th 2014. To identify additional publications, reference lists of retrieved studies were searched. Randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, cohorts, case-control, cross-sectional, modeling and ecological studies carried out in adults and assessing the economic consequences of NCDs on households and impoverishment. No language restrictions. All abstract and full text selection was done by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted by two independent reviewers and checked by a third independent reviewer. Studies were included evaluating the impact of at least one of the selected NCDs and on at least one of the following measures: expenditure on medication, transport, co-morbidities, out-of-pocket (OOP) payments or other indirect costs; impoverishment, poverty line and catastrophic spending; household or individual financial cost. From 3,241 references, 64 studies met the inclusion criteria, 75% of which originated from the Americas and Western Pacific WHO region. Breast cancer and DM were the most studied NCDs (42 in total); CKD and COPD were the least represented (five and three studies respectively). OOP payments and financial catastrophe, mostly defined as OOP exceeding a certain proportion of household income, were the most studied outcomes. OOP expenditure as a proportion of family income, ranged between 2 and 158% across the different NCDs and countries. Financial catastrophe due to the selected NCDs was seen in all countries and at all income levels, and occurred in 6-84% of the households depending on the chosen catastrophe threshold. In 16 low- and middle-income countries (LMIC), 6-11% of the total population would be impoverished at a 1.25 US dollar/day poverty line if they would have to purchase lowest price generic diabetes medication. NCDs impose a large and growing global impact on households and impoverishment, in all continents and levels of income. The true extent, however, remains difficult to determine due to the heterogeneity across existing studies in terms of populations studied, outcomes reported and measures employed. The impact that NCDs exert on households and impoverishment is likely to be underestimated since important economic domains, such as coping strategies and the inclusion of marginalized and vulnerable people who do not seek health care due to financial reasons, are overlooked in literature. Given the scarcity of information on specific regions, further research to estimate impact of NCDs on households and impoverishment in LMIC, especially the Middle Eastern, African and Latin American regions is required.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Bull World Health Organ
                Bull. World Health Organ
                BLT
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                World Health Organization
                0042-9686
                1564-0604
                01 March 2016
                28 January 2016
                : 94
                : 3
                : 193-200
                Affiliations
                [a ]George Institute for Global Health, King George V Building, 83–117 Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia.
                [b ]Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
                [c ]Department of Cardiology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi, India.
                [d ]Department of Cardiology, Sarawak General Hospital, Kuching, Malaysia.
                [e ]National Heart Centre Singapore, Singapore.
                [f ]Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
                [g ]Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand.
                [h ]Department of Medicine, Cho Ray Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
                [i ]Clinical Science Division, AstraZeneca, Osaka, Japan.
                [j ]Department of Cardiology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China.
                Author notes
                Correspondence to Stephen Jan (email: sjan@ 123456georgeinstitute.org ).
                Article
                BLT.15.158303
                10.2471/BLT.15.158303
                4773930
                26966330
                123c7789-c906-49db-9c8a-fd8d31325c56
                (c) 2016 The authors; licensee World Health Organization.

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution IGO License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/legalcode), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. In any reproduction of this article there should not be any suggestion that WHO or this article endorse any specific organization or products. The use of the WHO logo is not permitted. This notice should be preserved along with the article's original URL.

                History
                : 15 May 2015
                : 24 November 2015
                : 04 December 2015
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