Subfamily Limoniinae Speiser, 1909 (Diptera, Limoniidae) from Baltic Amber (Eocene): The Genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken, 1860

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Abstract

A revision of the genus Elephantomyia Osten Sacken (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Baltic amber (Eocene) is presented. Four species— E. baltica Alexander, E. brevipalpa Loew, E. longirostris Loew, and E. pulchella Loew—are redescribed and documented with photographs and drawings. In addition, two new species of the genus are described: Elephantomyia bozenae sp. nov., and Elephantomyia irinae sp. nov. All these fossil species are placed within the subgenus Elephantomyia. A key to the extinct species of Elephantomyia is provided, and the genus’ ecological pattern and evolutionary aspects are discussed.

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Pollination biology of basal angiosperms (ANITA grade).

Christine B. F. Thien, Liang Yuan, Bo Luo … (2008)

The first three branches of the angiosperm phylogenetic tree consist of eight families with ∼201 species of plants (the ANITA grade). The oldest flower fossil for the group is dated to the Early Cretaceous (115-125 Mya) and identified to the Nymphaeales. The flowers of extant plants in the ANITA grade are small, and pollen is the edible reward (rarely nectar or starch bodies). Unlike many gymnosperms that secrete "pollination drops," ANITA-grade members examined thus far have a dry-type stigma. Copious secretions of stigmatic fluid are restricted to the Nymphaeales, but this is not nectar. Floral odors, floral thermogenesis (a resource), and colored tepals attract insects in deceit-based pollination syndromes throughout the first three branches of the phylogenetic tree. Self-incompatibility and an extragynoecial compitum occur in some species in the Austrobaileyales. Flies are primary pollinators in six families (10 genera). Beetles are pollinators in five families varying in importance as primary (exclusive) to secondary vectors of pollen. Bees are major pollinators only in the Nymphaeaceae. It is hypothesized that large flowers in Nymphaeaceae are the result of the interaction of heat, floral odors, and colored tepals to trap insects to increase fitness.

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Author and article information

Contributors

David Frayer: Role: Academic Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date (Electronic): 23 February 2015

Publication date Collection: 2015

Volume: 10

Issue: 2

Electronic Location Identifier: e0117434

Affiliations

[001]Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, Rzeszów, Poland

University of Kansas, UNITED STATES

Author notes

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Conceived and designed the experiments: IK. Performed the experiments: IK. Analyzed the data: IK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: IK. Wrote the paper: IK. Photographs, drawings: IK.

* E-mail: ikania@ 123456univ.rzeszow.pl

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-14-47518

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117434

PMC ID: 4338262

PubMed ID: 25706127

SO-VID: 1318c804-0f41-4050-af4d-f336f68043c9

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

History

Date received : 22 October 2014

Date accepted : 19 December 2014

Page count

Figures: 14, Tables: 1, Pages: 24

Funding

The author received no specific funding for this work.

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Data Availability All relevant data are within the paper.

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