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      “Girls Aren’t Meant to Exercise”: Perceived Influences on Physical Activity among Adolescent Girls—The HERizon Project

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          Abstract

          Background. Adolescent girls are less active than boys, with approximately 10% of girls in Ireland and the United Kingdom meeting the minimum recommended daily physical activity (PA) guidelines. This study investigated factors perceived to influence PA among adolescent girls from low socioeconomic areas in order to inform the design of a future intervention (The HERizon Project). Methods. A total of 48 adolescent girls (13–18 years) from low socioeconomic areas of the United Kingdom and Ireland participated in focus groups ( n = 8), to explore perspectives of physical activity and the influence of gender within this. Focus groups were thematically analyzed and interpreted within a socioecological framework. Results. Most girls enjoyed PA and were aware of its benefits. They identified both barriers and facilitators to PA at intrapersonal (fear of judgement and changing priorities WITH age), interpersonal (changing social pressures and support from others) and organizational (delivery of PE) levels. Gender inequality was a multilevel factor, crossing all socioecological levels. Conclusion. Although many adolescent girls enjoy PA, their experiences appear to be limited by a fear of judgement and an overarching sense of gender inequality. Future interventions, such as the HERizon Project, should address influences at intrapersonal, interpersonal and organizational levels to promote positive PA experiences for adolescent girls.

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          Using thematic analysis in psychology

          Virginia Braun, Victoria Clarke (2014)
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            Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ): a 32-item checklist for interviews and focus groups.

            A Tong, P SAINSBURY, J. Craig (2007)
            Qualitative research explores complex phenomena encountered by clinicians, health care providers, policy makers and consumers. Although partial checklists are available, no consolidated reporting framework exists for any type of qualitative design. To develop a checklist for explicit and comprehensive reporting of qualitative studies (in depth interviews and focus groups). We performed a comprehensive search in Cochrane and Campbell Protocols, Medline, CINAHL, systematic reviews of qualitative studies, author or reviewer guidelines of major medical journals and reference lists of relevant publications for existing checklists used to assess qualitative studies. Seventy-six items from 22 checklists were compiled into a comprehensive list. All items were grouped into three domains: (i) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and (iii) data analysis and reporting. Duplicate items and those that were ambiguous, too broadly defined and impractical to assess were removed. Items most frequently included in the checklists related to sampling method, setting for data collection, method of data collection, respondent validation of findings, method of recording data, description of the derivation of themes and inclusion of supporting quotations. We grouped all items into three domains: (i) research team and reflexivity, (ii) study design and (iii) data analysis and reporting. The criteria included in COREQ, a 32-item checklist, can help researchers to report important aspects of the research team, study methods, context of the study, findings, analysis and interpretations.
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              Global trends in insufficient physical activity among adolescents: a pooled analysis of 298 population-based surveys with 1·6 million participants

              Regina Guthold, Gretchen Stevens, Leanne Riley … (2020)
              Summary Background Physical activity has many health benefits for young people. In 2018, WHO launched More Active People for a Healthier World, a new global action on physical activity, including new targets of a 15% relative reduction of global prevalence of insufficient physical activity by 2030 among adolescents and adults. We describe current prevalence and trends of insufficient physical activity among school-going adolescents aged 11–17 years by country, region, and globally. Methods We did a pooled analysis of cross-sectional survey data that were collected through random sampling with a sample size of at least 100 individuals, were representative of a national or defined subnational population, and reported prevalence of of insufficient physical activity by sex in adolescents. Prevalence had to be reported for at least three of the years of age within the 10–19-year age range. We estimated the prevalence of insufficient physical activity in school-going adolescents aged 11–17 years (combined and by sex) for individual countries, for four World Bank income groups, nine regions, and globally for the years 2001–16. To derive a standard definition of insufficient physical activity and to adjust for urban-only survey coverage, we used regression models. We estimated time trends using multilevel mixed-effects modelling. Findings We used data from 298 school-based surveys from 146 countries, territories, and areas including 1·6 million students aged 11–17 years. Globally, in 2016, 81·0% (95% uncertainty interval 77·8–87·7) of students aged 11–17 years were insufficiently physically active (77·6% [76·1–80·4] of boys and 84·7% [83·0–88·2] of girls). Although prevalence of insufficient physical activity significantly decreased between 2001 and 2016 for boys (from 80·1% [78·3–81·6] in 2001), there was no significant change for girls (from 85·1% [83·1–88·0] in 2001). There was no clear pattern according to country income group: insufficient activity prevalence in 2016 was 84·9% (82·6–88·2) in low-income countries, 79·3% (77·2–87·5) in lower–middle-income countries, 83·9% (79·5–89·2) in upper–middle-income countries, and 79·4% (74·0–86·2) in high-income countries. The region with the highest prevalence of insufficient activity in 2016 was high-income Asia Pacific for both boys (89·0%, 62·8–92·2) and girls (95·6%, 73·7–97·9). The regions with the lowest prevalence were high-income western countries for boys (72·1%, 71·1–73·6), and south Asia for girls (77·5%, 72·8–89·3). In 2016, 27 countries had a prevalence of insufficient activity of 90% or more for girls, whereas this was the case for two countries for boys. Interpretation The majority of adolescents do not meet current physical activity guidelines. Urgent scaling up of implementation of known effective policies and programmes is needed to increase activity in adolescents. Investment and leadership at all levels to intervene on the multiple causes and inequities that might perpetuate the low participation in physical activity and sex differences, as well as engagement of youth themselves, will be vital to strengthen the opportunities for physical activity in all communities. Such action will improve the health of this and future young generations and support achieving the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. Funding WHO.
              Article 0 comments Cited 834 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Children (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Children (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): children
                Title: Children
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2227-9067
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 January 2021
                Publication date Collection: January 2021
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 31
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Room 1.22 Tom Reilly Building, Byrom Street Campus, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK; e.s.cowley@ 123456ljmu.ac.uk (E.S.C.); p.m.watson@ 123456ljmu.ac.uk (P.M.W.); l.foweather@ 123456ljmu.ac.uk (L.F.); D.Thijssen@ 123456ljmu.ac.uk (D.T.)
                [2 ]Childhood and Physical Activity Research Cluster, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, D09 Y5NO Dublin, Ireland; sarahjane.belton@ 123456dcu.ie
                [3 ]Wolfson Centre for Personalised Medicine, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK; andrew.thompson@ 123456liverpool.ac.uk
                [4 ]Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: a.j.wagenmakers@ 123456ljmu.ac.uk ; Tel.: +44-7929999413
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2060-0244
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1575-246X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9851-5421
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9672-6276
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1916-3822
                Article
                Publisher ID: children-08-00031
                DOI: 10.3390/children8010031
                PMC ID: 7827342
                PubMed ID: 33430413
                SO-VID: 13adb5d0-b72d-45d6-8cd9-d8c3b13ca3df
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 November 2020
                Date accepted : 05 January 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: physical activity,adolescence,focus groups,girls,socioecological model,qualitative,exercise
                Data availability:
                Keywords: physical activity, adolescence, focus groups, girls, socioecological model, qualitative, exercise

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