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      Microvascular reconstruction of the mandible: an argument for the fibula osteocutaneous free flap Translated title: Reconstrucción microvascular de la mandíbula: razones para usar el colgajo libre osteocutáneo de peroné

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          Abstract

          Introduction/objective: The fibula osteocutaneous free flap has been a workhorse for mandibular reconstruction since Hidalgo's original description for its use for this purpose. The objective of this manuscript is to review the use of the fibula flap in mandibular reconstruction and to answer some of the commonly held misconceptions as to why some surgeons view it as an inferior reconstructive option to the vascularized iliac crest flap. Materials/methods: Review of the literature as it relates to the use of the fibula free flap in mandibular reconstruction and the senior author's experience. Results: The bicortical nature of the fibula provides a stable platform for endosseous implant placement, thus allowing for comprehensive oral rehabilitation and improving the quality of life in reconstructed patients. The fibula osteocutaneous free flap, however, is the longest vascularized bone flap available, allowing for reconstruction of the entire mandible. Given these attributes, it would seem unlikely that doubts regarding the adequacy of the fibula free flap in mandibular reconstruction exists. However, the principal arguments challenging the use of the fibula osteocutaneous free flap are the lack of height of the reconstructed fibula compared to the native mandible, unreliable skin perforators to support a skin paddle, insufficient soft tissue coverage, and the presence of vascular anomalies which may preclude its use. These presumed shortcomings are circumvented with various proven techniques to increase fibular height and anatomic studies demonstrating the cutaneous perforator patterns. Conclusions: With these simple solutions in mind, the fibula osteocutaneous free flap will likely remain a workhorse for mandibular reconstruction, allowing for the reconstruction of virtually any oromandibular defect. It allows for both aesthetic, as well as, functional reconstruction of the mandible.

          Translated abstract

          Introducción/objetivo: Desde la descripción original de Hidalgo sobre su uso con este objetivo, el colgajo libre osteocutáneo de peroné ha sido el factótum para la reconstrucción mandibular. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar el uso del colgajo de peroné en la reconstrucción mandibular y aclarar los conceptos erróneos sostenidos con frecuencia como razón de que algunos cirujanos lo consideren una opción reconstructiva inferior al colgajo vascularizado de cresta ilíaca. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de los estudios publicados sobre el uso del colgajo de peroné en la reconstrucción mandibular y experiencia del primer autor. Resultados: La naturaleza bicortical del peroné ofrece una estructura estable para la colocación de un implante endoóseo, lo que permite una rehabilitación oral integral y mejora la calidad de vida de los pacientes sometidos a reconstrucción. El colgajo libre osteocutáneo de peroné es el colgajo óseo vascularizado de mayor longitud disponible, que permite la reconstrucción de toda la mandíbula. Dadas estas propiedades, parece improbable que suscite dudas su idoneidad en la reconstrucción mandibular. No obstante, la razón principal que pone en duda su uso es la falta de altura del peroné reconstruido, comparado con la mandíbula natural, el número tan variable de perforantes septocutáneos que irrigan la paleta cutánea, una cobertura insuficiente de las partes blandas, y la presencia de anomalías vasculares que pueden impedir su uso. Estas supuestas desventajas se evitan con diversas técnicas de eficacia demostrada para aumentar la altura del peroné al igual que con estudios anatómicos que demuestren los patrones de los perforantes septocutáneos. Conclusiones: Si se tienen en cuenta estas soluciones simples, el colgajo libre osteocutáneo de peroné probablemente seguirá siendo el factótum de la reconstrucción mandibular, ya que permite la reconstrucción de casi cualquier defecto oromandibular. Favorece la reconstrucción tanto estética como funcional de la mandíbula.

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          Fibula free flap: a new method of mandible reconstruction.

          The fibula was investigated as a donor site for free-flap mandible reconstruction. It has the advantages of consistent shape, ample length, distant location to allow a two-team approach, and low donor-site morbidity. It can be raised with a skin island for composite-tissue reconstruction. Twelve segmental mandibular defects (average 13.5 cm) were reconstructed following resection for tumor, most commonly epidermoid carcinoma. Five defects consisted of bone alone, and four others had only a small amount of associated intraoral soft-tissue loss. Eleven patients underwent primary reconstructions. At least two osteotomies were performed on each graft, and miniplates were used for fixation in 11 patients. Six patients received postoperative radiation, and two patients received postoperative chemotherapy. The flaps survived in all patients. All osteotomies healed primarily. The septocutaneous blood supply was generally not adequate to support a skin island for intraoral soft-tissue replacement. The aesthetic result of the reconstruction was excellent in most patients, particularly in "bone only" defects. There was no long-term donor-site morbidity.
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            The free vascularized bone graft. A clinical extension of microvascular techniques.

            For the common problem of lower limb injury with extensive. Loss of skin and bone, a new method of free vascularized bone grafting has been used and integrated with an appropriate soft tissue flap repair. The technique was developed to salvage two legs which would otherwise have been amputated. The preliminary result in Case 2 is encouraging. This case would appear to be the first successful distant transfer of a composite fibular graft by microvascular anastomoses to be reported in man.
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              Fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap for reconstruction of composite mandibular defects.

              The fibula osteoseptocutaneous flap is a versatile method for reconstruction of composite-tissue defects of the mandible. The vascularized fibula can be osteotomized to permit contouring of any mandibular defect. The skin flap is reliable and can be used to resurface intraoral, extraoral, or both intraoral and extraoral defects. Twenty-seven fibula osteoseptocutaneous flaps were used for composite mandibular reconstructions in 25 patients. All the defects were reconstructed primarily following resection of oral cancers (23), excision of radiation-induced osteonecrotic lesions (2), excision of a chronic osteomyelitic lesion (1), or postinfective mandibular hypoplasia (1). The mandibular defects were between 6 and 14 cm in length. The number of fibular osteotomy sites ranged from one to three. All patients had associated soft-tissue losses. Six of the reconstructions had only oral lining defects, and 1 had only an external facial defect, while 18 had both lining and skin defects. Five patients used the skin portion of the fibula osteoseptocutaneous flaps for both oral lining and external facial reconstruction, while 13 patients required a second simultaneous free skin or musculocutaneous flap because of the size of the defects. Four of these flaps used the distal runoff of the peroneal pedicles as the recipient vessels. There was one total flap failure (96.3 percent success). There were no instances of isolated partial or complete skin necrosis. All osteotomy sites healed primarily. The contour of the mandibles was good to excellent.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                maxi
                Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial
                Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1130-0558
                2173-9161
                March 2014
                : 36
                : 1
                : 1-8
                Affiliations
                [01] Jacksonville orgnameUniversity of Florida orgdiv1College of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Oral Maxilofacial Surgery USA
                [02] Jacksonville orgnameUniversity of Florida orgdiv1College of Medicine orgdiv2Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery USA
                Article
                S1130-05582014000100001
                10.1016/j.maxilo.2012.06.002
                14ed9359-20be-45b8-a005-e3f4234e8036

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 May 2012
                : 04 June 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 22, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                Peroné,Mandíbula,Reconstrucción,Microvascular,Cirugía,Fibula,Mandible,Reconstruction,Surgery

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