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      EEG Biofeedback as a Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: Review, Rating of Efficacy, and Recommendations for Further Research

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          Abstract

          Electroencephalographic (EEG) biofeedback has been employed in substance use disorder (SUD) over the last three decades. The SUD is a complex series of disorders with frequent comorbidities and EEG abnormalities of several types. EEG biofeedback has been employed in conjunction with other therapies and may be useful in enhancing certain outcomes of therapy. Based on published clinical studies and employing efficacy criteria adapted by the Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback and the International Society for Neurofeedback and Research, alpha theta training—either alone for alcoholism or in combination with beta training for stimulant and mixed substance abuse and combined with residential treatment programs, is probably efficacious. Considerations of further research design taking these factors into account are discussed and descriptions of contemporary research are given.

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          Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study.

          D A Regier, M. Farmer, D Rae … (1990)
          The prevalence of comorbid alcohol, other drug, and mental disorders in the US total community and institutional population was determined from 20,291 persons interviewed in the National Institute of Mental Health Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program. Estimated US population lifetime prevalence rates were 22.5% for any non-substance abuse mental disorder, 13.5% for alcohol dependence-abuse, and 6.1% for other drug dependence-abuse. Among those with a mental disorder, the odds ratio of having some addictive disorder was 2.7, with a lifetime prevalence of about 29% (including an overlapping 22% with an alcohol and 15% with another drug disorder). For those with either an alcohol or other drug disorder, the odds of having the other addictive disorder were seven times greater than in the rest of the population. Among those with an alcohol disorder, 37% had a comorbid mental disorder. The highest mental-addictive disorder comorbidity rate was found for those with drug (other than alcohol) disorders, among whom more than half (53%) were found to have a mental disorder with an odds ratio of 4.5. Individuals treated in specialty mental health and addictive disorder clinical settings have significantly higher odds of having comorbid disorders. Among the institutional settings, comorbidity of addictive and severe mental disorders was highest in the prison population, most notably with antisocial personality, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorders.
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            Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban population of young adults.

            N Breslau, G Davis, P Andreski … (1991)
            To ascertain the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and risk factors associated with it, we studied a random sample of 1007 young adults from a large health maintenance organization in the Detroit, Mich, area. The lifetime prevalence of exposure to traumatic events was 39.1%. The rate of PTSD in those who were exposed was 23.6%, yielding a lifetime prevalence in the sample of 9.2%. Persons with PTSD were at increased risk for other psychiatric disorders; PTSD had stronger associations with anxiety and affective disorders than with substance abuse or dependence. Risk factors for exposure to traumatic events included low education, male sex, early conduct problems, extraversion, and family history of psychiatric disorder or substance problems. Risk factors for PTSD following exposure included early separation from parents, neuroticism, preexisting anxiety or depression, and family history of anxiety. Life-style differences associated with differential exposure to situations that have a high risk for traumatic events and personal predispositions to the PTSD effects of traumatic events might be responsible for a substantial part of PTSD in this population.
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              The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence.

              E J Khantzian (1985)
              Recent clinical observations and psychiatric diagnostic findings of drug-dependent individuals suggest that they are predisposed to addiction because they suffer with painful affect states and related psychiatric disorders. The drugs that addicts select are not chosen randomly. Their drug of choice is the result of an interaction between the psychopharmacologic action of the drug and the dominant painful feelings with which they struggle. Narcotic addicts prefer opiates because of their powerful muting action on the disorganizing and threatening affects of rage and aggression. Cocaine has its appeal because of its ability to relieve distress associated with depression, hypomania, and hyperactivity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : +1-502-8520404 , +1-502-8521115 , tato.sokhadze@louisville.edu
                : rcannon2@utk.edu
                : trude003@maroon.tc.umn.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback
                Title: Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
                Publisher: Springer US (Boston )
                ISSN (Print): 1090-0586
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3270
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 January 2008
                Publication date (Print): March 2008
                Volume: 33
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 1-28
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY USA
                [2 ]Department of Psychology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996 USA
                [3 ]Department of Family and Community Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 9047
                DOI: 10.1007/s10484-007-9047-5
                PMC ID: 2259255
                PubMed ID: 18214670
                SO-VID: 151bf1db-9713-4575-8580-c3056e42ab73
                Copyright © © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008
                History
                Date received : 4 September 2007
                Date accepted : 19 December 2007
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2008

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: quantitative eeg,neurofeedback,alcoholism,erp,eeg biofeedback,substance use disorder,neurotherapy,cognitive-behavioral treatment
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: quantitative eeg, neurofeedback, alcoholism, erp, eeg biofeedback, substance use disorder, neurotherapy, cognitive-behavioral treatment

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