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      Modified Global and Modified Linear Contrast Stretching Algorithms: New Colour Contrast Enhancement Techniques for Microscopic Analysis of Malaria Slide Images

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          Abstract

          Malaria is one of the serious global health problem, causing widespread sufferings and deaths in various parts of the world. With the large number of cases diagnosed over the year, early detection and accurate diagnosis which facilitates prompt treatment is an essential requirement to control malaria. For centuries now, manual microscopic examination of blood slide remains the gold standard for malaria diagnosis. However, low contrast of the malaria and variable smears quality are some factors that may influence the accuracy of interpretation by microbiologists. In order to reduce this problem, this paper aims to investigate the performance of the proposed contrast enhancement techniques namely, modified global and modified linear contrast stretching as well as the conventional global and linear contrast stretching that have been applied on malaria images of P. vivax species. The results show that the proposed modified global and modified linear contrast stretching techniques have successfully increased the contrast of the parasites and the infected red blood cells compared to the conventional global and linear contrast stretching. Hence, the resultant images would become useful to microbiologists for identification of various stages and species of malaria.

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          Most cited references22

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          Plasmodium knowlesi: the fifth human malaria parasite.

          N J White (2008)
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            Malarial retinopathy: a newly established diagnostic sign in severe malaria.

            Severe malaria is commonly misdiagnosed in Africa, leading to a failure to treat other life-threatening illnesses. In malaria-endemic areas, parasitemia does not ensure a diagnosis of severe malaria because parasitemia can be incidental to other concurrent disease. The detection of malarial retinopathy is a candidate diagnostic test for cerebral malaria. Malarial retinopathy consists of a set of retinal abnormalities that is unique to severe malaria and common in children with cerebral malaria. Its presence and severity are related to risk of death and length of coma in survivors. A large, prospective autopsy study of children dying with cerebral malaria in Malawi found that malarial retinopathy was better than any other clinical or laboratory feature in distinguishing malarial from non-malarial coma. However, visualization has to date relied on specialist examination techniques. Further studies are planned to evaluate the usefulness of funduscopy by general clinicians in a variety of settings across Africa. Studies of the retina and retinal blood vessels provide an unparalleled opportunity to visualize an infected microvasculature and its effect on neural tissue in vivo. This report reviews current knowledge of malarial retinopathy, including its use as a diagnostic test in the comatose child, and its value as a tool for research into the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria.
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              World Malaria Report 2010

              (2010)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Comput Math Methods Med
                Comput Math Methods Med
                CMMM
                Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine
                Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                1748-670X
                1748-6718
                2012
                3 October 2012
                : 2012
                : 637360
                Affiliations
                1Electronic & Biomedical Intelligent Systems (EBItS) Research Group, School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Campus Pauh Putra, Perlis, 02600 Pauh, Malaysia
                2Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
                Author notes
                *Aimi Salihah Abdul-Nasir: aimi_salihah@ 123456yahoo.com

                Academic Editor: Kumar Durai

                Article
                10.1155/2012/637360
                3469202
                23082089
                173fa8a4-34d1-4f88-9b4a-3e6c53bd5caf
                Copyright © 2012 Aimi Salihah Abdul-Nasir et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 14 July 2012
                : 14 August 2012
                Categories
                Research Article

                Applied mathematics
                Applied mathematics

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