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      Evaluation of the antifungal activity in vitro of midazolam against fluconazole-resistant Candida spp. isolates

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          Abstract

          Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antifungal activity of midazolam, alone and in association with azoles, against isolates of clinical Candida spp. in planktonic and biofilm form. Materials & methods: The antifungal activity was observed using the broth microdilution technique. Flow cytometry tests were performed to investigate the probable mechanism of action and the comet test and cytotoxicity test were applied to evaluate DNA damage. Results: Midazolam (MIDAZ) showed antifungal activity against planktonic cells (125–250 μg/ml) and reduced the viability of Candida spp. biofilms (125 a 2500 μg/ml). The interaction of MIDAZ against Candida spp. biofilms was observed through scanning electron microscopy, causing alteration of their appearance. Therefore, MIDAZ has antifungal potential against Candida spp.

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          Synergy, antagonism, and what the chequerboard puts between them.

          F C Odds (2003)
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            Epidemiology and risk factors for invasive candidiasis

            Nur Yapar (2014)
            The number of immunosuppressive patients has increased significantly in recent years. These patients are at risk for opportunistic infections, especially fungal infections. Candidiasis is one of the most frequent fungal infections determined in these immunosuppressive patients and its epidemiology has changed over the last two decades. Recently, new antifungal agents and new therapy strategies such as antifungal prophylaxis, secondary prophylaxis, and preemptive therapy have come into use. These changes resulted in the alteration of Candida species causing invasive infections. The incidence of Candida albicans was decreased in many countries, especially among patients with immunosuppressive disorders, while the incidence of species other than C. albicans was increased. In this review, incidence, risk factors, and species distribution of invasive candidiasis are discussed.
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              The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: principles, applications, and limitations.

              Andrew Collins (2004)
              The comet assay (single-cell gel electrophoresis) is a simple method for measuring deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strand breaks in eukaryotic cells. Cells embedded in agarose on a microscope slide are lysed with detergent and high salt to form nucleoids containing supercoiled loops of DNA linked to the nuclear matrix. Electrophoresis at high pH results in structures resembling comets, observed by fluorescence microscopy; the intensity of the comet tail relative to the head reflects the number of DNA breaks. The likely basis for this is that loops containing a break lose their supercoiling and become free to extend toward the anode. The assay has applications in testing novel chemicals for genotoxicity, monitoring environmental contamination with genotoxins, human biomonitoring and molecular epidemiology, and fundamental research in DNA damage and repair. The sensitivity and specificity of the assay are greatly enhanced if the nucleoids are incubated with bacterial repair endonucleases that recognize specific kinds of damage in the DNA and convert lesions to DNA breaks, increasing the amount of DNA in the comet tail. DNA repair can be monitored by incubating cells after treatment with damaging agent and measuring the damage remaining at intervals. Alternatively, the repair activity in a cell extract can be measured by incubating it with nucleoids containing specific damage.
              Article 0 comments Cited 182 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Future Microbiology
                Abbreviated Title: Future Microbiology
                Publisher: Future Medicine Ltd
                ISSN (Print): 1746-0913
                ISSN (Electronic): 1746-0921
                Publication date Created: January 2021
                Publication date (Print): January 2021
                Volume: 16
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 71-81
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Clinical & Toxicological Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Bioprospection in Antimicrobial Molecules (LABIMAN), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430 1160, Brazil
                [2 ]Drug Research & Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE 60430 276, Brazil
                [3 ]University Center Christus, Fortaleza, CE 60160 230, Brazil
                Article
                DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0080
                PubMed ID: 33459560
                SO-VID: 17919819-bd8c-41c6-a195-fcf848ee0c68
                Copyright © © 2021
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