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      The chemistry of antipredator defense by secondary compounds in neotropical lepidoptera: facts, perspectives and caveats

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          Abstract

          Chemical defense against predation in butterflies and moths has been studied since nineteenth century. A classical example is that of the larvae of the monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus, which feed on leaves of Asclepias curassavica (Asclepiadaceae), sequestering cardenolides. The adults are protected against predation by birds. Several other substances may be involved in chemical defense, such as iridoid glycosides, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, pyrrolizidine and tropane alkaloids, aristolochic acids, glycosidase inhibitors and pyrazines. The acquisition of these substances by lepidopterans can be due to sequestration from larval or adult host plants or de novo biosynthesis. Many Lepidoptera are known to be unpalatable, including the butterflies Troidini (Papilionidae), Pierinae (Pieridae), Eurytelinae, Melitaeinae, Danainae, Ithomiinae, Heliconiinae and Acraeinae (Nymphalidae), and Arctiidae moths, but knowledge of the chemical substances responsible for property is often scarce. This review discusses mainly three topics: field and laboratory observations on rejection of butterflies and moths by predators, correlation between unpalatability and chemicals found in these insects, and bioassays that test the activity of these chemicals against predators. Perspectives and future directions are suggested for this subject.

          Translated abstract

          Defesas químicas em lepidópteros contra predadores têm sido observadas desde o século XIX. O caso clássico de proteção química contra predadores é o da borboleta monarca, Danaus plexippus, cuja larva seqüestra cardenolidas de sua planta hospedeira Asclepias curassavica e transfere-as para os adultos tornando-os impalatáveis para pássaros. Entretanto diversas outras substâncias podem estar envolvidas na proteção química de lepidópteros neotropicais (glicosídeos iridóides, glicosídeos cianogênicos, glicosinolatos, alcalóides pirrolizidínicos e tropânicos, ácidos aristolóquicos, inibidores de glicosidase, pirazinas). Esses compostos podem ser seqüestrados da planta hospedeira larval, obtidos de fontes vegetais visitadas por adultos ou biossintetizados de novo. Os lepidópteros conhecidos como impalatáveis para predadores vertebrados e/ou invertebrados são as borboletas Troidini (Papilionidae), Pierinae (Pieridae), Eurytelinae, Melitaeinae, Danainae, Ithomiinae, Heliconiinae e Acraeinae (Nymphalidae) e mariposas Arctiidae. Entretanto informações sobre as substâncias que são responsáveis pela impalatabilidade e como elas são adquiridas nem sempre são obtidas. Esse artigo de revisão aborda principalmente observações de campo e laboratório sobre a rejeição de borboletas e mariposas neotropicais por predadores, correlações entre impalatabilidade e substâncias químicas encontradas nos insetos e bioensaios que demonstrem a atividade dessas substâncias contra predadores. Perspectivas são sugeridas para esses tópicos.

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          Environment: The disappearing nutrient.

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            An optically stimulated superconducting-like phase in K3C60 far above equilibrium Tc

            The control of non-equilibrium phenomena in complex solids is an important research frontier, encompassing new effects like light induced superconductivity. Here, we show that coherent optical excitation of molecular vibrations in the organic conductor K3C60 can induce a non-equilibrium state with the optical properties of a superconductor. A transient gap in the real part of the optical conductivity and a low-frequency divergence of the imaginary part are measured for base temperatures far above equilibrium Tc=20 K. These findings underscore the role of coherent light fields in inducing emergent order.
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              Animal behavior: an evolutionary approach

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbchs
                Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
                J. Braz. Chem. Soc.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Química (São Paulo )
                1678-4790
                December 2000
                : 11
                : 6
                : 551-561
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Estadual de Campinas Brazil
                Article
                S0103-50532000000600002
                10.1590/S0103-50532000000600002
                17b8423d-ea39-42dd-b74e-c218039d6b6c

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-5053&lng=en
                Categories
                CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General chemistry
                pyrrolizidine alkaloids,tropane alkaloids,aristolochic acids,cardenolides,cyanogenic glycosides,glucosinolates

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