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      Implicaciones de las prácticas agropecuarias urbanas y rurales sobre la transmisión de la leptospirosis Translated title: Implications of urban and rural agricultural practices on the transmission of leptospirosis

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          Abstract

          Resumen Las modificaciones en las prácticas agropecuarias y las condiciones climáticas y geográficas del trópico, asociadas con una amplia diversidad biológica, favorecen la propagación de enfermedades, la aparición de nuevos patógenos, o la reaparición de algunos ya controlados. Por lo tanto, y debido a que la leptospirosis es una zoonosis emergente asociada con inundaciones en zonas urbanas y rurales, que afecta mínimo 160 especies animales, y que el agua es un vehículo importante de transmisión, es necesario un trabajo interdisciplinar que minimice su presentación, y el impacto sobre la salud humana, animal y sobre el ecosistema (“Una Salud”). Por consiguiente, el objetivo de este ensayo fue analizar las implicaciones de las prácticas agropecuarias urbanas y rurales, sobre la transmisión de la leptospirosis. Para esto se realizó una revisión temática en bases de datos, desde el 2000 al 2015, la cual permitió analizar las limitantes de la salud en la agricultura tropical, y una contextualización de las implicaciones de las prácticas agropecuarias, urbanas y rurales sobre la leptospirosis. Los análisis realizados evidenciaron la necesidad de estudios interdisciplinares para abordar la epidemiología de esta zoonosis de forma integral, con la participación de ciencias como microbiología, biología molecular, medicina veterinaria, y bioeconomía entre otras áreas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Changes in agricultural and livestock practices and climate and geographic conditions in the tropics, associated to great biological diversity, favor the propagation of diseases, the appearance of new pathogens, or the reappearance of some that have already been controlled. Therefore, leptospirosis is an emerging zoonosis associated to flooding in urban and rural zones, affecting at least 160 animal species, and because water is an important transmission vehicle, it is necessary to perform inter-disciplinary work to minimize its occurrence and its impact on human and animal health, and especially on the ecosystem (“One Health”). Therefore, the objective of this essay was to analyze the implications of urban and rural agricultural and livestock practices on the transmission of leptospirosis. For this purpose a thematic review was carried out with databases from 2000 to 2015, which allowed analyzing the health restrictions in tropical agriculture, and contextualizing the implications of agricultural and livestock practices, urban and rural, on leptospirosis. The analyses performed showed the need for interdisciplinary studies to address the epidemiology of this zoonosis in an integral manner, with the participation of sciences such as microbiology, molecular biology, veterinary medicine, and bioeconomy, among other areas.

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          Most cited references82

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          Social and environmental risk factors in the emergence of infectious diseases

          Fifty years ago, the age-old scourge of infectious disease was receding in the developed world in response to improved public health measures, while the advent of antibiotics, better vaccines, insecticides and improved surveillance held the promise of eradicating residual problems. By the late twentieth century, however, an increase in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases was evident in many parts of the world. This upturn looms as the fourth major transition in human–microbe relationships since the advent of agriculture around 10,000 years ago. About 30 new diseases have been identified, including Legionnaires' disease, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis C, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)/variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Nipah virus, several viral hemorrhagic fevers and, most recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and avian influenza. The emergence of these diseases, and resurgence of old ones like tuberculosis and cholera, reflects various changes in human ecology: rural-to-urban migration resulting in high-density peri-urban slums; increasing long-distance mobility and trade; the social disruption of war and conflict; changes in personal behavior; and, increasingly, human-induced global changes, including widespread forest clearance and climate change. Political ignorance, denial and obduracy (as with HIV/AIDS) further compound the risks. The use and misuse of medical technology also pose risks, such as drug-resistant microbes and contaminated equipment or biological medicines. A better understanding of the evolving social dynamics of emerging infectious diseases ought to help us to anticipate and hopefully ameliorate current and future risks.
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            Emergence, control and re-emerging leptospirosis: dynamics of infection in the changing world.

            Globally, leptospirosis poses an increasing public health problem, as evidenced by markedly increasing incidence rates and multiple outbreaks in all continents. Yet, the disease is severely neglected and hence, its global burden is largely unknown. The estimated incidence of about half a million severe human cases annually is probably an underestimation while the burden for animal health is unknown. It is anticipated that current international initiatives will assess the global burden of leptospirosis, while mathematical modelling of transmission dynamics will allow the identification and testing of appropriate intervention and outbreak response measures within the coming years. © 2011 The Authors. Clinical Microbiology and Infection © 2011 European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.
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              Leptospira as an emerging pathogen: a review of its biology, pathogenesis and host immune responses.

              Leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonosis in the world, is an emerging public health problem, particularly in large urban centers of developing countries. Several pathogenic species of the genus Leptospira can cause a wide range of clinical manifestations, from a mild, flu-like illness to a severe disease form characterized by multiorgan system complications leading to death. However, the mechanisms of pathogenesis of Leptospira are largely unknown. This article will address the animal models of acute and chronic leptospire infections, and the recent developments in the genetic manipulation of the bacteria, which facilitate the identification of virulence factors involved in pathogenesis and the assessment of their potential values in the control and prevention of leptospirosis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                agro
                Agrociencia
                Agrociencia
                Colegio de Postgraduados (México, DF, Mexico )
                1405-3195
                November 2017
                : 51
                : 7
                : 725-741
                Affiliations
                [3] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad de la Salle orgdiv1Grupo Biomigen (Biología Molecular e Inmunogenética) Colombia
                [4] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad de la Salle orgdiv1Grupo de Investigación Epidemiología y Salud Pública Colombia phernandez@ 123456unisalle.edu.co
                [1] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad de la Salle orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Básicas orgdiv2Programa de Biología Colombia
                [2] Bogotá orgnameUniversidad de la Salle orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias orgdiv2Programa Medicina Veterinaria Colombia
                Article
                S1405-31952017000700725
                1962c625-c2b0-48d2-89c0-d6e76cf0c7bc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : August 2016
                : June 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 114, Pages: 17
                Product

                SciELO Mexico


                agricultura urbana y rural,limitantes de salud,leptospirosis,One Health,health restrictions,urban and rural agriculture,una salud

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