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      A community-based cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) to evaluate the impact and operational assessment of “safe motherhood and newborn health promotion package”: study protocol

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          Abstract

          Background

          Despite considerable progress in reduction of both under-five and maternal mortality in recent decades, Bangladesh is still one of the low and middle income countries with high burden of maternal and neonatal mortality. The primary objective of the current study is to measure the impact of a comprehensive package of interventions on maternal and neonatal mortality. In addition, changes in coverage, quality and utilization of maternal and newborn health (MNH) services, social capital, and cost effectiveness of the interventions will be measured.

          Methods

          A community-based, cluster randomized controlled trial design will be adopted and implemented in 30 unions of three sub-districts of Chandpur district of Bangladesh. Every union, the lowest administrative unit of the local government with population of around 20,000–30,000, will be considered a cluster. Based on the baseline estimates, 15 clusters will be paired for random assignment as intervention and comparison clusters.

          The primary outcome measure is neonatal mortality, and secondary outcomes are coverage of key interventions like ANC, PNC, facility and skilled provider delivery. Baseline, midterm and endline household survey will be conducted to assess the key coverage of interventions. Health facility assessment surveys will be conducted periodically to assess facility readiness and utilization of MNH services in the participating health facilities.

          Discussion

          The current study is expected to provide essential strong evidences on the impact of a comprehensive package of interventions to the Bangladesh government, and other developmental partners. The study results may help in prioritizing, planning, and scaling-up of Safe Motherhood Promotional interventions in other geographical areas of Bangladesh as well as to inform other developing countries of similar settings.

          Trial registration

          NCT03032276.

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          Most cited references3

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          Causes of Maternal Mortality Decline in Matlab, Bangladesh

          Mahbub Chowdhury, Anisuddin Ahmed, Nahid Kalim … (2009)
          Bangladesh is distinct among developing countries in achieving a low maternal mortality ratio (MMR) of 322 per 100,000 livebirths despite the very low use of skilled care at delivery (13% nationally). This variation has also been observed in Matlab, a rural area in Bangladesh, where longitudinal data on maternal mortality are available since the mid-1970s. The current study investigated the possible causes of the maternal mortality decline in Matlab. The study analyzed 769 maternal deaths and 215,779 pregnancy records from the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS) and other sources of safe motherhood data in the ICDDR,B and government service areas in Matlab during 1976-2005. The major interventions that took place in both the areas since the early 1980s were the family-planning programme plus safe menstrual regulation services and safe motherhood interventions (midwives for normal delivery in the ICDDR,B service area from the late 1980s and equal access to comprehensive emergency obstetric care [EmOC] in public facilities for women from both the areas). National programmes for social development and empowerment of women through education and microcredit programmes were implemented in both the areas. The quantitative findings were supplemented by a qualitative study by interviewing local community care providers for their change in practices for maternal healthcare over time. After the introduction of the safe motherhood programme, reduction in maternal mortality was higher in the ICDDR,B service area (68.6%) than in the government service area (50.4%) during 1986-1989 and 2001-2005. Reduction in the number of maternal deaths due to the fertility decline was higher in the government service area (30%) than in the ICDDR,B service area (23%) during 1979-2005. In each area, there has been substantial reduction in abortion-related mortality—86.7% and 78.3%—in the ICDDR,B and government service areas respectively. Education of women was a strong predictor of the maternal mortality decline in both the areas. Possible explanations for the maternal mortality decline in Matlab are: better access to comprehensive EmOC services, reduction in the total fertility rate, and improved education of women. To achieve the Millenium Development Goal 5 targets, policies that bring further improved comprehensive EmOC, strengthened family-planning services, and expanded education of females are essential.
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            An impact evaluation of the safe motherhood promotion project in Bangladesh: evidence from Japanese aid-funded technical cooperation.

            Yukie Yoshimura, Fakir M. Amirul Islam, Yusuke Kamiya (2013)
            This paper reports the findings from a quasi-experimental impact evaluation of the Safe Motherhood Promotion Project (SMPP) conducted in the Narsingdi district of Bangladesh. SMPP is a Japanese aid-funded technical cooperation project aimed at developing local capacities to tackle maternal and newborn health problems in rural areas. We assessed whether the project interventions, in particular, community-based activities under the Model Union approach, had a favorable impact on women's access to and knowledge of maternal health care during pregnancy and childbirth. The project comprises a package of interlinked interventions to facilitate safe motherhood practices at primary and secondary care levels. The primary-level activities focused on community mobilization through participatory approaches. The secondary-level activities aimed at strengthening organizational and personnel capacities for delivering emergency obstetric care (EmOC) at district and sub-district level hospitals. The project impact was estimated by difference-in-differences logistic regressions using two rounds of cross-sectional household survey data. The results showed that the project successfully increased the utilization of antenatal visits and postpartum EmOC services and also enhanced women's knowledge of danger signs during pregnancy and delivery. The project also reduced income inequalities in access to antenatal care. In contrast, we found no significant increase in the use of skilled birth attendants (SBA) in the project site. Nonetheless, community mobilization activities and the government's voucher scheme played a complementary role in promoting the use of SBA. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Social capital assessment tool

              A. KRISHNA, E. SHRADER, Anirudh Krishna … (1999)
              Article 0 comments Cited 2 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Dewan Md. Emdadul Hoque: +880 (0)2-982-7001 , emdad@icddrb.org , emdadas@gmail.com
                Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury: mohiuddin.chowdhury@icddrb.org
                Ahmed Ehsanur Rahman: ehsanur@icddrb.org
                Sk. Masum Billah: billah@icddrb.org
                Sanwarul Bari: bari@icddrb.org
                Tazeen Tahsina: tazeen@icddrb.org
                Mohammad Mehedi Hasan: hasan.mehedi@icddrb.org
                Sajia Islam: sajiaislam@icddrb.org
                Rintaro Mori: rintaromori@gmail.com , mori-r@ncchd.go.jp
                Shams El Arifeen: shams@icddrb.org
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Public Health
                Title: BMC Public Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1471-2458
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 May 2018
                Publication date PMC-release: 3 May 2018
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Volume: 18
                Electronic Location Identifier: 592
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0600 7174, GRID grid.414142.6, Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Diseases Research, , Bangladesh (icddr,b), ; 68, Shahid Tajuddin Sarani, Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212 Bangladesh
                [2 ]MaMoni Health Systems Strengthening Project, Save the Children, Dhaka, Bangladesh
                [3 ]National Centre for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya-Ku, Tokyo, 157-8535 Japan
                Article
                Publisher ID: 5478
                DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5478-6
                PMC ID: 5934824
                PubMed ID: 29724194
                SO-VID: 19ce22d3-8f2c-48e6-ad00-a76b54be854a
                Copyright © © The Author(s). 2018
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 25 November 2017
                Date accepted : 18 April 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Ministry of External Relation Division, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (BD)
                Categories
                Subject: Study Protocol
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2018

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: community, cluster randomized controlled trial, safe motherhood, newborn survival
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: community, cluster randomized controlled trial, safe motherhood, newborn survival

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