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      Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research.

      1 ,
      Psychological bulletin
      American Psychological Association (APA)

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          Abstract

          This meta-analysis reviews 208 laboratory studies of acute psychological stressors and tests a theoretical model delineating conditions capable of eliciting cortisol responses. Psychological stressors increased cortisol levels; however, effects varied widely across tasks. Consistent with the theoretical model, motivated performance tasks elicited cortisol responses if they were uncontrollable or characterized by social-evaluative threat (task performance could be negatively judged by others), when methodological factors and other stressor characteristics were controlled for. Tasks containing both uncontrollable and social-evaluative elements were associated with the largest cortisol and adrenocorticotropin hormone changes and the longest times to recovery. These findings are consistent with the animal literature on the physiological effects of uncontrollable social threat and contradict the belief that cortisol is responsive to all types of stressors.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Psychol Bull
          Psychological bulletin
          American Psychological Association (APA)
          0033-2909
          0033-2909
          May 2004
          : 130
          : 3
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. sdickers@ucla.edu
          Article
          2004-13724-001
          10.1037/0033-2909.130.3.355
          15122924
          1bbc029b-c925-4aa5-833e-228160285c48
          History

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