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      Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in temperature-sensitive cardiovascular and respiratory disease mortality in Japan

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          Abstract

          Some cardiovascular and respiratory diseases are triggered by changes in ambient temperature or extremes of temperature. This study aimed to clarify the changes in mortality associated with temperature-sensitive diseases in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used data from three major cities (Sapporo City, Tokyo 23 wards, and Osaka City) from 2010 to 2019 to determine disease mortality rates and monthly mean temperatures from April to December. If the pandemic had not occurred in 2020, the results showed that temperature-sensitive disease death counts would have increased from 324 to 980, based on a 95% confidence interval estimated from the past 10 years in Sapporo (19–56% increase in actual deaths from 2020), from 651 to 2,653 in Tokyo (10–39% increase), and from 235 to 1,343 in Osaka (8–48% increase). Analyses of meshed population data during the COVID-19 pandemic indicated that inhibiting people’s behaviour and outdoor mobility, especially in older men, caused a decrease in mortality.

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          COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease: from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives

          Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by a strain of coronavirus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global pandemic that has affected the lives of billions of individuals. Extensive studies have revealed that SARS-CoV-2 shares many biological features with SARS-CoV, the zoonotic virus that caused the 2002 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome, including the system of cell entry, which is triggered by binding of the viral spike protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. Clinical studies have also reported an association between COVID-19 and cardiovascular disease. Pre-existing cardiovascular disease seems to be linked with worse outcomes and increased risk of death in patients with COVID-19, whereas COVID-19 itself can also induce myocardial injury, arrhythmia, acute coronary syndrome and venous thromboembolism. Potential drug–disease interactions affecting patients with COVID-19 and comorbid cardiovascular diseases are also becoming a serious concern. In this Review, we summarize the current understanding of COVID-19 from basic mechanisms to clinical perspectives, focusing on the interaction between COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. By combining our knowledge of the biological features of the virus with clinical findings, we can improve our understanding of the potential mechanisms underlying COVID-19, paving the way towards the development of preventative and therapeutic solutions.
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            A Simple Test for Heteroscedasticity and Random Coefficient Variation

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              Seasonal Influenza Activity During the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak in Japan

              This study uses data from the National Institutes of Infectious Diseases Japan to compare weekly influenza activity in the 2019/2020 vs the 2014-2019 seasons given mitigation strategies taken in 2020 to limit the spread of COVID-19.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                10 October 2022
                2022
                10 October 2022
                : 17
                : 10
                : e0275935
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculty of Biosphere-Geosphere Science, Okayama University of Science, Okayama City, Japan
                [2 ] Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
                The Chinese University of Hong Kong, HONG KONG
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6259-2748
                Article
                PONE-D-22-11527
                10.1371/journal.pone.0275935
                9550070
                36215297
                1c57b49f-374d-434d-bbc4-2abddd42330a
                © 2022 Ohashi et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 19 April 2022
                : 26 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 9, Tables: 3, Pages: 20
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001691, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science;
                Award ID: 20H03949
                Award Recipient :
                Y.O and Y.T were funded by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKENHI Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (number 20H03949). https://www.jsps.go.jp/english/index.html The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Infectious Diseases
                Viral Diseases
                Covid 19
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Epidemiology
                Pandemics
                Earth Sciences
                Geography
                Human Geography
                Urban Geography
                Cities
                Social Sciences
                Human Geography
                Urban Geography
                Cities
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Population Biology
                Population Metrics
                Death Rates
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Medical Conditions
                Cardiovascular Diseases
                Coronary Heart Disease
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Cardiology
                Cardiovascular Medicine
                Cardiovascular Diseases
                Coronary Heart Disease
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Vascular Medicine
                Coronary Heart Disease
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Mathematical and Statistical Techniques
                Statistical Methods
                Forecasting
                Physical Sciences
                Mathematics
                Statistics
                Statistical Methods
                Forecasting
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Age Groups
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Cardiology
                Heart Failure
                Custom metadata
                The data of disease mortality and temperature are included within Supporting Information files. The original monthly data on cause-specific deaths are publicly available online at https://www.e-stat.go.jp/en (Portal site of Official Statistics of Japan “e-Stat”). The original monthly mean temperatures observed by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) can be freely accessed on the website of https://www.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/risk/obsdl/index.php. The original data of meshed population that are not available owing to commercial data from a third party. However, the mobile spatial statistics (MSS) data provided by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) Docomo, Inc. are partially opened on their website of https://mobaku.jp. Google LLC “Google COVID-19 community mobility reports” is freely provided on the website of https://www.google.com/covid19/mobility.
                COVID-19

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