Levosimendan as a therapeutic strategy to prevent neuroinflammation after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage?

Abstract

Background

Poor patient outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) occur due to a multifactorial process, mainly involving cerebral inflammation (CI), delayed cerebral vasospasm (DCVS), and delayed cerebral ischemia, followed by neurodegeneration. CI is mainly triggered by enhanced synthesis of serotonin (5-HT), prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2a), and cytokines such as interleukins. Levosimendan (LV), a calcium-channel sensitizer, has already displayed anti-inflammatory effects in patients with severe heart failure. Therefore, we wanted to elucidate its potential anti-inflammatory role on the cerebral vasculature after SAH.

Methods

Experimental SAH was induced by using an experimental double-hemorrhage model. Sprague Dawley rats were harvested on day 3 and day 5 after the ictus. The basilar artery was used for isometric investigations of the muscular media tone. Vessel segments were either preincubated with LV or without, with precontraction performed with 5-HT or PGF2a followed by application of acetylcholine (ACh) or LV.

Results

After preincubation with LV 10 ⁻⁴ M and 5-HT precontraction, ACh triggered a strong vasorelaxation in sham segments (LV 10 ⁻⁴ M, E _max 65%; LV 10 ⁻⁵ M, E _max 48%; no LV, E _max 53%). Interestingly, SAH D3 (LV 10 ⁻⁴, E _max 76%) and D5 (LV 10 ⁻⁴, E _max 79%) segments showed greater vasorelaxation compared with sham. An LV series after PGF2a precontraction showed significantly enhanced relaxation in the sham (P=0.004) and SAH groups (P=0.0008) compared with solvent control vessels.

Conclusions

LV application after SAH seems to beneficially influence DCVS by antagonizing 5-HT- and PGF2a-triggered vasoconstriction. Considering this spasmolytic effect, LV might have a role in the treatment of SAH, additionally in selected patients suffering takotsubo cardiomyopathy.