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      Effects of Electroacupuncture on Pain Memory-Related Behaviors and Synchronous Neural Oscillations in the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Freely Moving Rats

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          Abstract

          Our previous studies have confirmed that electroacupuncture (EA) can effectively intervene in pain memory, but the neural mechanism involved remains unclear. In this study, we observed the effects of EA in regulating pain memory-related behaviors and synchronous neural oscillations in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). During nociceptive behavioral testing, pain memory induced a nonpain stimulus that spurred a neural oscillatory reaction similar to that caused by pain stimuli in the rACC. After EA, nonpain stimuli did not induce decreased neural oscillatory activity in the rACC until the presentation of pain stimuli. During aversive behavioral testing, EA, through the downregulation of theta power, inhibited the retrieval of aversive memory and relieved pain memory-induced aversive behaviors. These changes of oscillatory activity may be the hallmarks of EA therapy for pain memory.

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          Mechanisms of gamma oscillations.

          György Buzsáki, Xiao-Jing Wang (2012)
          Gamma rhythms are commonly observed in many brain regions during both waking and sleep states, yet their functions and mechanisms remain a matter of debate. Here we review the cellular and synaptic mechanisms underlying gamma oscillations and outline empirical questions and controversial conceptual issues. Our main points are as follows: First, gamma-band rhythmogenesis is inextricably tied to perisomatic inhibition. Second, gamma oscillations are short-lived and typically emerge from the coordinated interaction of excitation and inhibition, which can be detected as local field potentials. Third, gamma rhythm typically concurs with irregular firing of single neurons, and the network frequency of gamma oscillations varies extensively depending on the underlying mechanism. To document gamma oscillations, efforts should be made to distinguish them from mere increases of gamma-band power and/or increased spiking activity. Fourth, the magnitude of gamma oscillation is modulated by slower rhythms. Such cross-frequency coupling may serve to couple active patches of cortical circuits. Because of their ubiquitous nature and strong correlation with the "operational modes" of local circuits, gamma oscillations continue to provide important clues about neuronal population dynamics in health and disease.
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            Neural synchrony in brain disorders: relevance for cognitive dysfunctions and pathophysiology.

            Peter Uhlhaas, Wolf Singer (2006)
            Following the discovery of context-dependent synchronization of oscillatory neuronal responses in the visual system, novel methods of time series analysis have been developed for the examination of task- and performance-related oscillatory activity and its synchronization. Studies employing these advanced techniques revealed that synchronization of oscillatory responses in the beta- and gamma-band is involved in a variety of cognitive functions, such as perceptual grouping, attention-dependent stimulus selection, routing of signals across distributed cortical networks, sensory-motor integration, working memory, and perceptual awareness. Here, we review evidence that certain brain disorders, such as schizophrenia, epilepsy, autism, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's are associated with abnormal neural synchronization. The data suggest close correlations between abnormalities in neuronal synchronization and cognitive dysfunctions, emphasizing the importance of temporal coordination. Thus, focused search for abnormalities in temporal patterning may be of considerable clinical relevance.
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              New vistas for alpha-frequency band oscillations.

              Satu Palva, J Palva (2007)
              The amplitude of alpha-frequency band (8-14 Hz) activity in the human electroencephalogram is suppressed by eye opening, visual stimuli and visual scanning, whereas it is enhanced during internal tasks, such as mental calculation and working memory. alpha-Frequency band oscillations have hence been thought to reflect idling or inhibition of task-irrelevant cortical areas. However, recent data on alpha-amplitude and, in particular, alpha-phase dynamics posit a direct and active role for alpha-frequency band rhythmicity in the mechanisms of attention and consciousness. We propose that simultaneous alpha-, beta- (14-30 Hz) and gamma- (30-70 Hz) frequency band oscillations are required for unified cognitive operations, and hypothesize that cross-frequency phase synchrony between alpha, beta and gamma oscillations coordinates the selection and maintenance of neuronal object representations during working memory, perception and consciousness.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jianqiao Fang:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-5130
                Xiaomei Shao:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1637-1178
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neural Plast
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neural Plast
                Journal ID (publisher-id): NP
                Title: Neural Plasticity
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2090-5904
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-5443
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 May 2019
                Volume: 2019
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2057308
                Affiliations
                Department of Neurobiology and Acupuncture Research, The Third Clinical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Neurology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310053, China
                Author notes

                Guest Editor: John-Stuart Brittain

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9264-203X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9870-4548
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4212-5584
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2124-5130
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1637-1178
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2019/2057308
                PMC ID: 6541966
                PubMed ID: 31223307
                SO-VID: 1dd401fa-86ba-46d6-a0db-7d7901ce44f1
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Zui Shen et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 28 December 2018
                Date revision received : 20 March 2019
                Date accepted : 11 April 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Medicine and Health Science and Technology Plan projects of Zhejiang Province
                Award ID: 2017KY123
                Funded by: Zhejiang Province Top Key Discipline of Chinese Medicine-Acupuncture and Tuina
                Funded by: China Postdoctoral Science Foundation
                Award ID: 2018M642492
                Award ID: 2015M580527
                Award ID: 2016T90552
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 81873365
                Award ID: 81804183
                Award ID: 81574056
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences

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