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      Potential Effects of Phenolic Compounds That Can Be Found in Olive Oil on Wound Healing

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          Abstract

          The treatment of tissue damage produced by physical, chemical, or mechanical agents involves considerable direct and indirect costs to health care systems. Wound healing involves a series of molecular and cellular events aimed at repairing the defect in tissue integrity. These events can be favored by various natural agents, including the polyphenols in extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). The objective of this study was to review data on the potential effects of different phenolic compounds that can also be found in EVOO on wound healing and closure. Results of in vitro and animal studies demonstrate that polyphenols from different plant species, also present in EVOO, participate in different aspects of wound healing, accelerating this process through their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties and their stimulation of angiogenic activities required for granulation tissue formation and wound re-epithelialization. These results indicate the potential usefulness of EVOO phenolic compounds for wound treatment, either alone or in combination with other therapies. Human studies are warranted to verify this proposition.

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          Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability.

          Claudine Manach, Augustin Scalbert, Christine Morand … (2004)
          Polyphenols are abundant micronutrients in our diet, and evidence for their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases is emerging. The health effects of polyphenols depend on the amount consumed and on their bioavailability. In this article, the nature and contents of the various polyphenols present in food sources and the influence of agricultural practices and industrial processes are reviewed. Estimates of dietary intakes are given for each class of polyphenols. The bioavailability of polyphenols is also reviewed, with particular focus on intestinal absorption and the influence of chemical structure (eg, glycosylation, esterification, and polymerization), food matrix, and excretion back into the intestinal lumen. Information on the role of microflora in the catabolism of polyphenols and the production of some active metabolites is presented. Mechanisms of intestinal and hepatic conjugation (methylation, glucuronidation, sulfation), plasma transport, and elimination in bile and urine are also described. Pharmacokinetic data for the various polyphenols are compared. Studies on the identification of circulating metabolites, cellular uptake, intracellular metabolism with possible deconjugation, biological properties of the conjugated metabolites, and specific accumulation in some target tissues are discussed. Finally, bioavailability appears to differ greatly between the various polyphenols, and the most abundant polyphenols in our diet are not necessarily those that have the best bioavailability profile. A thorough knowledge of the bioavailability of the hundreds of dietary polyphenols will help us to identify those that are most likely to exert protective health effects.
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            Inflammation in wound repair: molecular and cellular mechanisms.

            Sabine A. Eming, Thomas Krieg, Jeffrey Davidson (2007)
            In post-natal life the inflammatory response is an inevitable consequence of tissue injury. Experimental studies established the dogma that inflammation is essential to the establishment of cutaneous homeostasis following injury, and in recent years information about specific subsets of inflammatory cell lineages and the cytokine network orchestrating inflammation associated with tissue repair has increased. Recently, this dogma has been challenged, and reports have raised questions on the validity of the essential prerequisite of inflammation for efficient tissue repair. Indeed, in experimental models of repair, inflammation has been shown to delay healing and to result in increased scarring. Furthermore, chronic inflammation, a hallmark of the non-healing wound, predisposes tissue to cancer development. Thus, a more detailed understanding in mechanisms controlling the inflammatory response during repair and how inflammation directs the outcome of the healing process will serve as a significant milestone in the therapy of pathological tissue repair. In this paper, we review cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling inflammation in cutaneous tissue repair and provide a rationale for targeting the inflammatory phase in order to modulate the outcome of the healing response.
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              Pathophysiology of acute wound healing.

              Jie Li, Juan Chen, Robert Kirsner (2007)
              Wound healing is a complex process that can be divided into at least 3 continuous and overlapping processes: an inflammatory reaction, a proliferative process leading to tissue restoration, and, eventually, tissue remodeling. Wound healing processes are strictly regulated by multiple growth factors and cytokines released at the wound site. Although the desirable final result of coordinated healing would be the formation of tissue with a similar structure and comparable functions as with intact skin, regeneration is uncommon (with notable exceptions such as early fetal healing); healing however results in a structurally and functionally satisfactory but not identical outcome. Alterations that disrupt controlled healing processes would extend tissue damage and repair. The pathobiologic states may lead to chronic or nonhealing wounds or excessive fibrosis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Celia Carrillo: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Foods
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Foods
                Journal ID (publisher-id): foods
                Title: Foods
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2304-8158
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 July 2021
                Publication date Collection: July 2021
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1642
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Biomedical Group (BIO277), Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Granada, Avda. Ilustración 60, 18016 Granada, Spain; luciamr@ 123456ugr.es (L.M.-R.); elviradlb@ 123456ugr.es (E.d.L.-B.); jrt@ 123456ugr.es (J.R.-T.); rebecaim@ 123456ugr.es (R.I.-M.); ogm@ 123456ugr.es (O.G.-M.)
                [2 ]Institute of Biosanitary Research, ibs.Granada, C/Doctor Azpitarte 4, 4 a planta, 18012 Granada, Spain
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: vircoss@ 123456ugr.es ; Tel.: +34-958-248-039
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4381-5942
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6631-7866
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9795-8159
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7285-6615
                Article
                Publisher ID: foods-10-01642
                DOI: 10.3390/foods10071642
                PMC ID: 8307686
                PubMed ID: 34359512
                SO-VID: 1dfb516c-3c26-482e-b2d6-1475d82ab00d
                Copyright © © 2021 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 08 June 2021
                Date accepted : 13 July 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: extra virgin olive oil,phenolic compounds,wound healing,tissue regeneration
                Data availability:
                Keywords: extra virgin olive oil, phenolic compounds, wound healing, tissue regeneration

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