Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Oxidative Stress-Induced Human Diseases: Insights Into Protective Effects, Antioxidant Potentials and Mechanism(s) of Action

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Abstract

Dietary polyphenols including phenolic acids, flavonoids, catechins, tannins, lignans, stilbenes, and anthocyanidins are widely found in grains, cereals, pulses, vegetables, spices, fruits, chocolates, and beverages like fruit juices, tea, coffee and wine. In recent years, dietary polyphenols have gained significant interest among researchers due to their potential chemopreventive/protective functions in the maintenance of human health and diseases. It is believed that dietary polyphenols/flavonoids exert powerful antioxidant action for protection against reactive oxygen species (ROS)/cellular oxidative stress (OS) towards the prevention of OS-related pathological conditions or diseases. Pre-clinical and clinical evidence strongly suggest that long term consumption of diets rich in polyphenols offer protection against the development of various chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), cancer, diabetes, inflammatory disorders and infectious illness. Increased intake of foods containing polyphenols (for example, quercetin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, resveratrol, cyanidin etc.) has been claimed to reduce the extent of a majority of chronic oxidative cellular damage, DNA damage, tissue inflammations, viral/bacterial infections, and neurodegenerative diseases. It has been suggested that the antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols plays a pivotal role in the prevention of OS-induced human diseases. In this narrative review, the biological/pharmacological significance of dietary polyphenols in the prevention of and/or protection against OS-induced major human diseases such as cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, CVDs, diabetes mellitus, cancer, inflammatory disorders and infectious diseases have been delineated. This review specifically focuses a current understanding on the dietary sources of polyphenols and their protective effects including mechanisms of action against various major human diseases.

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Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction.

Klaus Apel, Heribert Hirt (2004)

Several reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously produced in plants as byproducts of aerobic metabolism. Depending on the nature of the ROS species, some are highly toxic and rapidly detoxified by various cellular enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms. Whereas plants are surfeited with mechanisms to combat increased ROS levels during abiotic stress conditions, in other circumstances plants appear to purposefully generate ROS as signaling molecules to control various processes including pathogen defense, programmed cell death, and stomatal behavior. This review describes the mechanisms of ROS generation and removal in plants during development and under biotic and abiotic stress conditions. New insights into the complexity and roles that ROS play in plants have come from genetic analyses of ROS detoxifying and signaling mutants. Considering recent ROS-induced genome-wide expression analyses, the possible functions and mechanisms for ROS sensing and signaling in plants are compared with those in animals and yeast.

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Flavonoids: an overview

A. N. Panche, A. D. Diwan, S. Chandra (2016)

Flavonoids, a group of natural substances with variable phenolic structures, are found in fruits, vegetables, grains, bark, roots, stems, flowers, tea and wine. These natural products are well known for their beneficial effects on health and efforts are being made to isolate the ingredients so called flavonoids. Flavonoids are now considered as an indispensable component in a variety of nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, medicinal and cosmetic applications. This is attributed to their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties coupled with their capacity to modulate key cellular enzyme function. Research on flavonoids received an added impulse with the discovery of the low cardiovascular mortality rate and also prevention of CHD. Information on the working mechanisms of flavonoids is still not understood properly. However, it has widely been known for centuries that derivatives of plant origin possess a broad spectrum of biological activity. Current trends of research and development activities on flavonoids relate to isolation, identification, characterisation and functions of flavonoids and finally their applications on health benefits. Molecular docking and knowledge of bioinformatics are also being used to predict potential applications and manufacturing by industry. In the present review, attempts have been made to discuss the current trends of research and development on flavonoids, working mechanisms of flavonoids, flavonoid functions and applications, prediction of flavonoids as potential drugs in preventing chronic diseases and future research directions.

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Flavonoids as antioxidants.

Pier-Giorgio Pietta (2000)

Flavonoids are phenolic substances isolated from a wide range of vascular plants, with over 8000 individual compounds known. They act in plants as antioxidants, antimicrobials, photoreceptors, visual attractors, feeding repellants, and for light screening. Many studies have suggested that flavonoids exhibit biological activities, including antiallergenic, antiviral, antiinflammatory, and vasodilating actions. However, most interest has been devoted to the antioxidant activity of flavonoids, which is due to their ability to reduce free radical formation and to scavenge free radicals. The capacity of flavonoids to act as antioxidants in vitro has been the subject of several studies in the past years, and important structure-activity relationships of the antioxidant activity have been established. The antioxidant efficacy of flavonoids in vivo is less documented, presumably because of the limited knowledge on their uptake in humans. Most ingested flavonoids are extensively degraded to various phenolic acids, some of which still possess a radical-scavenging ability. Both the absorbed flavonoids and their metabolites may display an in vivo antioxidant activity, which is evidenced experimentally by the increase of the plasma antioxidant status, the sparing effect on vitamin E of erythrocyte membranes and low-density lipoproteins, and the preservation of erythrocyte membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. This review presents the current knowledge on structural aspects and in vitro antioxidant capacity of most common flavonoids as well as in vivo antioxidant activity and effects on endogenous antioxidants.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Mithun Rudrapal: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1388068/overview

Shubham J. Khairnar: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1550223/overview

Johra Khan: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1458068/overview

Abdulaziz Bin Dukhyil: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/814370/overview

Santwana Palai: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1267588/overview

Rajlakshmi Devi: URI : https://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1565516/overview

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Pharmacol

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Pharmacol

Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Pharmacol.

Title: Frontiers in Pharmacology

Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.

ISSN (Electronic): 1663-9812

Publication date (Electronic): 14 February 2022

Publication date Collection: 2022

Volume: 13

Electronic Location Identifier: 806470

Affiliations

[1] ¹ Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry , Rasiklal M. Dhariwal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research , Pune, India

[2] ² Department of Pharmacology , MET Institute of Pharmacy , Nashik, India

[3] ³ Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences , College of Applied Medical Sciences , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

[4] ⁴ Health and Basic Sciences Research Center , Majmaah University , Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia

[5] ⁵ Department of Epidemic Disease Research , Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC) , Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University , Dammam, Saudi Arabia

[6] ⁶ National Centre for Biotechnology , King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST) , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

[7] ⁷ Department of Medical Laboratories , College of Applied Medical Sciences , Qassim University , Buraydah, Saudi Arabia

[8] ⁸ Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology , College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry , OUAT , Bhubaneswar, India

[9] ⁹ Life Sciences Division , Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology , Guwahati, India

Author notes

Edited by: Keshav Raj Paudel, University of Technology Sydney, Australia

Reviewed by: Tânia Rodrigues Dias, University of Aveiro, Portugal

Vishnu Nayak Badavath, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

*Correspondence: Mithun Rudrapal, rsmrpal@ 123456gmail.com

This article was submitted to Ethnopharmacology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Pharmacology

Article

Publisher ID: 806470

DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.806470

PMC ID: 8882865

PubMed ID: 35237163

SO-VID: 1e21aa45-c058-4f4d-bf29-abe30f6292b2

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This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

History

Date received : 31 October 2021

Date accepted : 21 January 2022

Funding

Funded by: Majmaah University , doi 10.13039/501100007613;

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Dietary Polyphenols and Their Role in Oxidative Stress-Induced Human Diseases: Insights Into Protective Effects, Antioxidant Potentials and Mechanism(s) of Action

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Most cited references 115

Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction.

Flavonoids: an overview

Flavonoids as antioxidants.

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