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      Effect of feeding rumen-protected methionine on productive and reproductive performance of dairy cows

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          Abstract

          The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of daily top-dressing (individually feeding on the top of the total mixed ration) with rumen-protected methionine ( RPM) from 30 ± 3 until 126 ± 3 Days in milk on productive and reproductive performance in lactating dairy cows. A total of 309 lactating dairy Holstein cows (138 primiparous and 171 multiparous) were randomly assigned to treatment diets containing either RPM (21.2 g of RPM + 38.8 g of dried distillers grain; 2.34% Methionine [ Met] of metabolizable protein [ MP]) or Control ( CON; 60 g of dried distillers grain; 1.87% Met of MP). Plasma amino acids were evaluated at the time of artificial insemination ( AI) and near pregnancy diagnosis. Milk production and milk composition were evaluated monthly. Pregnancy was diagnosed on Day 28 (by Pregnancy-specific protein B [ PSPB]), 32, 47, and 61 (by ultrasound) and sizes of embryonic and amniotic vesicle were determined by ultrasound on Day 33 after AI. Feeding RPM increased plasma Met at 6, 9, 12, and 18 hours after top-dressing with a peak at 12 hours (52.4 vs 26.0 μM; P < 0.001) and returned to basal by 24 hours. Cows fed RPM had a small increase in milk protein percentage (3.08 vs 3.00%; P = 0.04) with no differences on milk yield and milk protein yield. Additionally, in multiparous cows, RPM feeding increased milk protein (3.03 vs 2.95%; P = 0.05) and fat (3.45 vs 3.14%; P = 0.01) percentages, although no effects were observed in primiparous cows. In multiparous cows fed RPM, pregnancy loss was lower between Days 28 to 61 (19.6 [10/51] vs. 6.1% [3/49]; P = 0.03) or between Days 32 to 61 (8.9 [4/45] vs. 0 [0/0] %; P = 0.03), although, there was no effect of treatment on pregnancy loss in primiparous cows. Consistent with data on pregnancy loss, RPM feeding increased embryonic abdominal diameter (P = 0.01) and volume (P = 0.009) and amniotic vesicle volume (P = 0.04) on Day 33 of pregnancy in multiparous cows but had no effect on embryonic size in primiparous cows. Thus, the increase in plasma Met concentrations after feeding RPM was sufficient to produce a small increase in milk protein percentage and to improve embryonic size and pregnancy maintenance in multiparous cows. Further studies are needed to confirm these responses and understand the biological mechanisms that underlie these responses as well as the timing and concentrations of circulating Met that are needed to produce this effect.

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          Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows.

          The objective of this study was to assess objectively the ability of observers to assess body condition of dairy cows. Four observers independently assigned a body condition score (five-point scale, .25 increments) and described the appearance of seven body regions of 225 Holstein cows. Areas described were the thurl region, ischial and ileal tuberosities, ilio-sacral and ischio-coccygeal ligaments, transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, and spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae. An absolute body condition score was designated for each cow based on the modal body condition score for all observers. If there was no modal body condition score, the mean score was used for the absolute body condition score. Statistical analysis of principal components was used to examine the relationship between body region description and absolute body condition score. Descriptions of body regions were highly correlated across all absolute body condition scores. Four principal component vectors explained 83.6% of the variation of the body region correlation matrix. The first principal latent vector accounted for 55% of the variation and was uniformly correlated with all body regions. Analysis of variance of first principal latent vector as the dependent variable and absolute body condition score as the class variable indicated that body condition could be separated into .25 units between 2.5 and 4.0, inclusively. Below 2.5 and > 4.0, body condition could only be separated by .5 units. Distinct changes in specific body regions were associated with change in absolute body condition score. Observers agreed with the absolute score 58.1% of the time, deviating by .25 units 32.6% of the time. A body condition score can be given to a cow based on principal descriptors of specific body regions between 2.5 and 4.0 by .25 units.
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            A perspective of polyamine metabolism.

            Polyamines are essential for the growth and function of normal cells. They interact with various macromolecules, both electrostatically and covalently and, as a consequence, have a variety of cellular effects. The complexity of polyamine metabolism and the multitude of compensatory mechanisms that are invoked to maintain polyamine homoeostasis argue that these amines are critical to cell survival. The regulation of polyamine content within cells occurs at several levels, including transcription and translation. In addition, novel features such as the +1 frameshift required for antizyme production and the rapid turnover of several of the enzymes involved in the pathway make the regulation of polyamine metabolism a fascinating subject. The link between polyamine content and human disease is unequivocal, and significant success has been obtained in the treatment of a number of parasitic infections. Targeting the polyamine pathway as a means of treating cancer has met with limited success, although the development of drugs such as DFMO (alpha-difluoromethylornithine), a rationally designed anticancer agent, has revolutionized our understanding of polyamine function in cell growth and provided 'proof of concept' that influencing polyamine metabolism and content within tumour cells will prevent tumour growth. The more recent development of the polyamine analogues has been pivotal in advancing our understanding of the necessity to deplete all three polyamines to induce apoptosis in tumour cells. The current thinking is that the polyamine inhibitors/analogues may also be useful agents in the chemoprevention of cancer and, in this area, we may yet see a revival of DFMO. The future will be in adopting a functional genomics approach to identifying polyamine-regulated genes linked to either carcinogenesis or apoptosis.
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              The effect of embryonic death rates in cattle on the efficacy of estrus synchronization programs.

              Reproductive failure in inseminated cattle results from poor fertilization and embryo survival. Recent studies utilizing dairy and beef cattle indicate that fertilization rates are higher for nulliparous dairy and beef heifers and nonlactating beef cows than lactating beef and dairy cows and nonlactating dairy cows. Several factors affect fertilization rates, but the greatest impact was observed for high producing cows under heat stress, when fertilization was only 55%. Once fertilization has occurred, the fate of a successful pregnancy is then determined by the survival of the embryo and fetus. Losses of pregnancy are characterized by early embryonic death, which occurs prior to the period of corpus luteum (CL) maintenance in the cow at days 15-17 of the cycle, and late embryonic death, which occurs from CL maintenance to the end of the differentiation stage, at approximately 42 days of gestation. After 50 days of gestation, pregnancy losses are less frequent and characterize fetal death. Most pregnancy losses occur prior to the period of maintenance of the CL, but in high producing lactating dairy cattle, substantial losses continue to occur up to 42-56 days after insemination. Several factors affect pregnancy losses in cattle, such as compromised oocytes, which result in poorly developed embryos incapable of cross-talking with the endometrial epithelial cells, to inadequate uterine environment and infectious agents resulting in death of the embryo from undernourishment. Recently, studies have indicated that anovulation/anestrous, the metabolic status of the animal, some dietary ingredients, as well as occurrence of diseases, predispose the cow to experience embryonic and fetal death. Although some insemination protocols might impact embryo survival, when timed AI has been implemented properly, it has not influenced embryonic or fetal death in cattle. Improvements in reproductive programs in the future will have to focus on enhancing fertilization rates and minimizing embryonic losses to optimize conception rates in dairy and beef cattle.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Software
                Role: InvestigationRole: Methodology
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: MethodologyRole: Supervision
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                20 December 2017
                2017
                : 12
                : 12
                : e0189117
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, Unites States of America
                [2 ] Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
                [3 ] Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, Georgia, Unites States of America
                INIA, SPAIN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: Dr. Daniel Luchini is an employee of Adisseo USA Inc. Other authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                [¤a]

                Current address: Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander, Cucuta, Colombia

                [¤b]

                Current address: Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8188-0991
                Article
                PONE-D-17-23934
                10.1371/journal.pone.0189117
                5738048
                29261700
                1e4650e1-0b57-450c-a958-a0989b494a74
                © 2017 Toledo et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 June 2017
                : 20 November 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 7, Pages: 24
                Funding
                Funded by: FAPESP
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Colciencias Columbia
                Award ID: 497/2009
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Adisseo USA Inc
                Funded by: Wisconsin Experiment Station
                Award ID: WIS01240
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100006031, United States - Israel Binational Agricultural Research and Development Fund;
                Award ID: IS-4799-15
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Parnell Pharmaceutical, USA
                ET was supported by the Research Foundation of the State of São Paulo (FAPESP; fapesp.br/en) from São Paulo, Brazil. GMB was supported by the Colombian government (Scholarship Colciencias-497/2009). This research was supported by Adisseo USA Inc. (Alpharetta, GA; adisseo.com), WI Experiment Station as Hatch Project WIS01240 to MCW, BARD grant IS-4788-15 ( www.bard-isus.com), and Parnell Pharmaceutical, USA. Dr. Daniel Luchini helped with designing the diets and was involved in discussion of results. Other than that, the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Body Fluids
                Milk
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Embryology
                Embryos
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Cell Biology
                Cellular Structures and Organelles
                Vesicles
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Organic Compounds
                Amino Acids
                Sulfur Containing Amino Acids
                Methionine
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Organic Chemistry
                Organic Compounds
                Amino Acids
                Sulfur Containing Amino Acids
                Methionine
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Proteins
                Amino Acids
                Sulfur Containing Amino Acids
                Methionine
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Separation Processes
                Distillation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Lipids
                Fats
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Diagnostic Medicine
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Ultrasound Imaging
                Research and Analysis Methods
                Imaging Techniques
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Ultrasound Imaging
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Radiology and Imaging
                Diagnostic Radiology
                Ultrasound Imaging
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Developmental Biology
                Embryology
                Embryo Development
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