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      Two Chikungunya Isolates from the Outbreak of La Reunion (Indian Ocean) Exhibit Different Patterns of Infection in the Mosquito, Aedes albopictus

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          Abstract

          Background

          A Chikungunya (CHIK) outbreak hit La Réunion Island in 2005–2006. The implicated vector was Aedes albopictus. Here, we present the first study on the susceptibility of Ae. albopictus populations to sympatric CHIKV isolates from La Réunion Island and compare it to other virus/vector combinations.

          Methodology and Findings

          We orally infected 8 Ae. albopictus collections from La Réunion and 3 from Mayotte collected in March 2006 with two Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) from La Réunion: (i) strain 05.115 collected in June 2005 with an Alanine at the position 226 of the glycoprotein E1 and (ii) strain 06.21 collected in November 2005 with a substitution A226V. Two other CHIKV isolates and four additional mosquito strains/species were also tested. The viral titer of the infectious blood-meal was 10 7 plaque forming units (pfu)/mL. Dissemination rates were assessed by immunofluorescent staining on head squashes of surviving females 14 days after infection. Rates were at least two times higher with CHIKV 06.21 compared to CHIKV 05.115. In addition, 10 individuals were analyzed every day by quantitative RT-PCR. Viral RNA was quantified on (i) whole females and (ii) midguts and salivary glands of infected females. When comparing profiles, CHIKV 06.21 produced nearly 2 log more viral RNA copies than CHIKV 05.115. Furthermore, females infected with CHIKV 05.115 could be divided in two categories: weakly susceptible or strongly susceptible, comparable to those infected by CHIKV 06.21. Histological analysis detected the presence of CHIKV in salivary glands two days after infection. In addition, Ae. albopictus from La Réunion was as efficient vector as Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus from Vietnam when infected with the CHIKV 06.21.

          Conclusions

          Our findings support the hypothesis that the CHIK outbreak in La Réunion Island was due to a highly competent vector Ae. albopictus which allowed an efficient replication and dissemination of CHIKV 06.21.

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          Critical review of the vector status of Aedes albopictus.

          N G Gratz (2004)
          The mosquito Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae), originally indigenous to South-east Asia, islands of the Western Pacific and Indian Ocean, has spread during recent decades to Africa, the mid-east, Europe and the Americas (north and south) after extending its range eastwards across Pacific islands during the early 20th century. The majority of introductions are apparently due to transportation of dormant eggs in tyres. Among public health authorities in the newly infested countries and those threatened with the introduction, there has been much concern that Ae. albopictus would lead to serious outbreaks of arbovirus diseases (Ae. albopictus is a competent vector for at least 22 arboviruses), notably dengue (all four serotypes) more commonly transmitted by Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.). Results of many laboratory studies have shown that many arboviruses are readily transmitted by Ae. albopictus to laboratory animals and birds, and have frequently been isolated from wild-caught mosquitoes of this species, particularly in the Americas. As Ae. albopictus continues to spread, displacing Ae. aegypti in some areas, and is anthropophilic throughout its range, it is important to review the literature and attempt to predict whether the medical risks are as great as have been expressed in scientific journals and the popular press. Examination of the extensive literature indicates that Ae. albopictus probably serves as a maintenance vector of dengue in rural areas of dengue-endemic countries of South-east Asia and Pacific islands. Also Ae. albopictus transmits dog heartworm Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy) (Spirurida: Onchocercidae) in South-east Asia, south-eastern U.S.A. and both D. immitis and Dirofilaria repens (Raillet & Henry) in Italy. Despite the frequent isolation of dengue viruses from wild-caught mosquitoes, there is no evidence that Ae. albopictus is an important urban vector of dengue, except in a limited number of countries where Ae. aegypti is absent, i.e. parts of China, the Seychelles, historically in Japan and most recently in Hawaii. Further research is needed on the dynamics of the interaction between Ae. albopictus and other Stegomyia species. Surveillance must also be maintained on the vectorial role of Ae. albopictus in countries endemic for dengue and other arboviruses (e.g. Chikungunya, EEE, Ross River, WNV, LaCrosse and other California group viruses), for which it would be competent and ecologically suited to serve as a bridge vector.
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            The Newala epidemic. III. The virus: isolation, pathogenic properties and relationship to the epidemic.

            R. W. Ross (1956)
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              Isolation of a Singh's Aedes albopictus cell clone sensitive to Dengue and Chikungunya viruses.

              A Igarashi (1978)
              Twenty clones were isolated from cultured Aedes albopictus (Singh) cells in the presence of anti-Chikungunya (CHIK) virus serum. Each clone was tested for its yields of Dengue (DEN) viruses, types 1, 2, 3 and 4, and also CHIK virus. Clone C6 showed the highest yield of each virus tested. Forty-three clones obtained by recloning C6 in the presence of anti-DEN sera showed almost the same virus yields as C6. One of the clones, C6/36, showed mild to extensive cytopathic effects several days after virus infection, in contrast to the original uncloned (SAAR) cells. Fluorescent antibody staining revealed that the amount of virus antigen accumulated in the cytoplasm was almost the same in every cell in the case of clone C6/36, while it was highly heterogeneous for uncloned SAAR cells. Growth curves of the viruses indicated that clone C6/36 gave a significantly higher yield for each virus than uncloned SAAR cells up to 7 days after infection. Virus sensitivity of the C6/36 clone did not change by growing the cells with the medium used for uncloned SAAR cells, nor did the virus sensitivity of uncloned cells increase in medium used for clone C6/36. However, the C6/36 clone became resistant to CHIK virus, but not to DEN or Sindbis viruses, after incubation with the medium used for another A. albopictus cell line (SAAK). The transfer of the specific resistance to CHIK may be mediated by some latent virus related to CHIK.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS ONE
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date Collection: 2007
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 November 2007
                Volume: 2
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: e1168
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Département de Virologie (Chikungunya program), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
                [2 ]Génétique moléculaire des Bunyavirus, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
                [3 ]Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
                [4 ]Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
                [5 ]Direction Régionale des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales de La Réunion, Saint-Denis, France
                [6 ]Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UR 016 Caractérisation et Contrôle des Populations de Vecteurs, BP 64501, Montpellier, France
                [7 ]Centre National de Référence des Arbovirus et Virus des Fièvres hémorragiques, Lyon, France
                [8 ]Interactions Moléculaires Flavivirus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
                U.S. Naval Medical Research Center Detachment/Centers for Disease Control, United States of America
                Author notes
                * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: afaillou@ 123456pasteur.fr

                Conceived and designed the experiments: AF MV. Performed the experiments: AF MV. Analyzed the data: AF. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: PD DF IS MH SM DC CR HK JT JD. Wrote the paper: AF.

                Article
                Publisher ID: 07-PONE-RA-00952R2
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001168
                PMC ID: 2064959
                PubMed ID: 18000540
                SO-VID: 1e9ed073-3605-4e34-92b0-68c027bb0ede
                Copyright © VAZEILLE et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                Date received : 22 March 2007
                Date accepted : 17 October 2007
                Page count
                Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Virology/Emerging Viral Diseases
                Subject: Infectious Diseases/Viral Infections
                Subject: Public Health and Epidemiology/Infectious Diseases

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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