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      Molecular detection and identification of  Giardia duodenalis in cattle of Urmia, northwest of Iran

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          Abstract

          Giardia duodenalis is one of the most prevalent intestinal protozoa infecting humans and domestic animals. The aim of this study was to identify subspecies of G. duodenalis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method from fecal samples of naturally infected cattle in the Urmia, West Azerbaijan province, Iran. Overall, 246 fecal specimens were collected from the cattle (diarrheic and healthy) and microscopically examined for G. duodenalis. The PCR-RFLP analysis of glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) locus was used to identify the genotypes found in cattle. In this method, 432 bp expected size was amplified and then specific restriction NlaIV enzyme was used for subspecies detection. Totally, 23 (9.34%) specimens were microscopically positive for giardia cyst out of 246 examined samples. The PCR-RFLP analysis revealed that 19 samples (82.60%) have the genotype E and 4 samples (17.39%) belong to the subgroup AI. Our findings indicated that G. duodenalis infection is prevalent in cattle of Urmia and the non-zoonotic genotype E predominates in cattle in this region.

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          Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP.

          P Monis, R Thompson, Jenny Read (2004)
          A PCR-RFLP genotyping tool was developed and used to characterise morphologically identical isolates of Giardia duodenalis from a variety of host species. Primers were designed to amplify a 432bp region of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) from genetic Assemblages AI, AII, BIII, BIV, C, D and E of G. duodenalis. DNA extracted from cultured Giardia trophozoites, Giardia cysts purified from faeces and directly from whole faeces was amplified and sequenced at the gdh and 18SrDNA loci. The gdh sequences were identical with published gdh sequences for each assemblage with a few exceptions. However, in some cases genotyping results obtained using gdh differed from 18SrDNA genotyping results. From gdh sequence information a PCR-RFLP profile was identified for each of the genetic assemblages. PCR-RFLP is a reproducible, reliable and sensitive method for genotyping Giardia. Eight human, 12 cat, 9 dog and 16 cattle faecal isolates were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. This method allows G. duodenalis isolates from human-beings, their companion animals and livestock to be genotyped directly from faeces, leading to valuable information about Giardia genotypes in population without the need for in vitro/in vivo amplification.
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            Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission.

            Ronald Fayer, Lihua Xiao (2008)
            The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.
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              Giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease and its zoonotic potential.

              R.C.Andrew Thompson (2000)
              The reasons for considering giardiasis as a re-emerging infectious disease are presented, with emphasis on Giardia infections in child care centres, livestock and pets, and the role of zoonotic transmission. However, the aetiology and control of giardiasis is complicated by the genetic and phenotypic variability of Giardia species infective to mammals. Of particular significance has been the uncertainty about host specificity and the question of zoonotic transmission. The recent application of molecular characterisation procedures based on PCR has made an enormous contribution to an understanding of the genetic structure of Giardia populations, and this is reviewed in the context of the zoonotic transmission and molecular epidemiology of Giardia infections.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Vet Res Forum
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Vet Res Forum
                Journal ID (publisher-id): VRF
                Title: Veterinary Research Forum
                Publisher: Urmia University Press (Urmia, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 2008-8140
                ISSN (Electronic): 2322-3618
                Publication date (Print): Winter 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 March 2018
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 81-85
                Affiliations
                [1] Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran.
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: Farnaz Malekifard. DVM, PhD, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran. E-mail: f.malekifard@urmia.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: vrf-9-081
                PMC ID: 5913565
                PubMed ID: 29719668
                SO-VID: 1ec13d48-e1ae-43ec-8ee2-07e52fed9e7b
                Copyright © © 2018 Urmia University. All rights reserved.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 30 May 2017
                Date accepted : 12 September 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: cattle,giardia duodenalis,glutamate dehydrogenase,iran,pcr-rflp
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cattle, giardia duodenalis, glutamate dehydrogenase, iran, pcr-rflp

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