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      Localización y frecuencia de placas ateromatosas intracraneales en pacientes mayores de 40 años

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          Abstract

          Si bien la ateromatosis intracraneal (AIC) es una entidad frecuente, está subvalorada en la práctica clínica. Los avances tecnológicos en los diferentes métodos radiológicos y especialmente el advenimiento de la tomografía computada multicorte (TCMC) han mejorado la precisión diagnóstica de esta patología. Objetivos: Demostrar la utilidad de la TCMC en el diagnóstico de la AIC y determinar la frecuencia y localización de las placas ateromatosas, así como su distribución etaria y genérica. Materiales y métodos: Se estudió retrospectivamente a 280 pacientes (140 mujeres y 140 hombres) entre octubre de 2011 y marzo de 2012. Todos eran mayores de 40 años y contaron con una TCMC de cerebro sin contraste, realizada con un tomógrafo Toshiba Aquilion de 16 filas de detectores. Se evaluaron solamente placas cálcicas (considerándose así a aquellas cuya densidad superaba las 80 unidades Hounsfield). Resultados: Se encontró AIC en un 65% de los pacientes examinados, con una incidencia no significativa en el sexo masculino (relación: 1,16/1). Los vasos más comprometidos, en orden de frecuencia, fueron el sifón carotídeo y la arteria vertebral en su segmento V4. Conclusión: La ateromatosis es una de las causas frecuentes de ictus cerebral. La TCMC es el método de elección para determinar la localización y frecuencia de las calcificaciones intracraneales de manera no invasiva. Al igual que el score de calcio, la determinación del calcio a nivel de las arterias permitiría establecer el riesgo que tiene el paciente de desarrollar complicaciones vasculares, en este caso en el territorio cerebral.

          Translated abstract

          Even though intracranial atheromatosis (IA) is a frequent entity, it is undervalued in clinical practice. The technological advances in different radiological methods and especially multislice computed tomography (MSCT) have improved the diagnostic accuracy of this pathology. Objectives: To prove the multislice computed tomography usefulness in intracranial atheromatosis diagnostic, and establish the frequency and location of atheromatous plaques, and also the age and gender distribution. Materials and methods: Two hundred and eighty patients (140 male and 140 female) were studied retrospectively, between October 2011 and March 2012. All of them were more than 40 years old and counted with a brain MSCT without contrast, made it with a Toshiba Aquilion 16 multidetector computer tomograph. Calcium plaques were only evaluated (considering calcium plaques those whose density was over 80 Hounsfield units). Results: It was showed the presence of IA in 65% of the examined patients, being the male gender the mostly affected in a 1.16:1, non significant relation. The most affected vessels in frequency order were carotid siphon and vertebral artery in their V4 segment. Conclusion: The atheromatosis is one of the frequent causes of cerebral stroke. The MSCT is the selected method to determine the location and frequency of the intracranial calcification in a noninvasive way. In the same way as the calcium score, determining the level of calcium in the arteries allows to determine the risk that the patient has of developing vascular complications, in this case in the cerebral territory.

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          Race and sex differences in the distribution of cerebral atherosclerosis.

          The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of race, sex, and other risk factors on the location of atherosclerotic occlusive lesions in cerebral vessels. Previous angiographic studies of patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) suggest that extracranial atherosclerosis is more common in whites and intracranial disease is more common in blacks. Noninvasive techniques such as duplex ultrasound, transcranial Doppler (TCD), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) allow vascular assessment of a more representative proportion of patients than does conventional angiography alone. Consecutive patients evaluated at a community hospital for stroke or TIA over a 2-year period were reviewed. Lesions were defined as a 50% or greater atherosclerotic stenosis by angiography, duplex ultrasound, or TCD, or a moderate stenosis by MRA. Whites were more likely than blacks to have extracranial carotid artery lesions (33% versus 15%, P = .001), but the proportion of patients with intracranial lesions was similar (24% versus 22%). Men were more likely to have intracranial lesions than women (29% versus 14%, P = .03). When multivariate logistic regression analysis was used, white race was the only predictor for extracranial carotid artery lesions, and male sex was the only predictor for intracranial lesions. The cause of stroke/TIA was extracranial carotid artery disease in 8% and intracranial disease in 8% of all patients in the study. The distribution of cerebral atherosclerosis is influenced by race and sex but not by other vascular risk factors. In our patient population, intracranial disease is as common a cause of cerebral ischemia as extracranial carotid disease.
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            Intracranial atherosclerosis: current concepts.

            The most relevant ideas discussed in this article are described here. Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) represents the most common cause of ischemic stroke worldwide. Its importance in whites may have been underestimated. New technical developments, such as high-resolution MRI, allow direct assessment of the intracranial atherosclerotic plaque, which may have a profound impact on ICAD diagnosis and therapy in the near future. Early detection of ICAD may allow therapeutic intervention while the disease is still asymptomatic. The Barcelonès Nord and Maresme Asymptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerosis Study is presented here. The main prognostic factors that characterize the patients who are at a higher risk for ICAD recurrence are classified and discussed. The best treatment for ICAD remains to be established. The Stenting Versus Aggressive Medical Management for Preventing Recurrent Stroke in Intracranial Stenosis Study is currently ongoing to address this crucial issue. These and other topics will be discussed at the Fifth International Intracranial Atherosclerosis Conference (Valladolid, Spain, autumn 2011).
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              How accurate is CT angiography in evaluating intracranial atherosclerotic disease?

              Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is regarded as the gold standard in assessing degree of stenosis in intracranial vessels. However, it is invasive and can only be carried out at specialized centers. We sought to compare CT angiography (CTA) to DSA for detection and measurement of stenosis in large intracranial arteries. We identified all subjects admitted with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and with CTA and DSA studies of good quality completed within 30 days of each other between April 2000 and May 2006 at a single medical center. Two readers blinded to clinical information reviewed each CTA and DSA independently. Each reader located and measured stenosis of 15 prespecified large intracranial arterial segments per study at the same level of magnification. These stenotic lesions were most likely atherosclerotic in etiology. All measurements were made with Wiha digiMax 6" digital calipers. The degree of stenosis was calculated using the published method for the Warfarin-Aspirin Symptomatic Intracranial Disease study. All disagreements of greater than 10% were reviewed by a third reader who decided between the 2 prior measurements. Segments were excluded from analyses if they were judged to be congenitally hypoplastic or seen only through collaterals or cross-filling. Intraclass correlation, sensitivity, and specificity were calculated using DSA as the reference standard. Forty-one pairs of CTA and DSAs from 41 patients were reviewed. CTAs were completed within 28 days before 13 days after DSA, with a median of 1 day. A total of 475 pairs of major intracranial arterial segment were analyzed. Intraclass correlation between degree of stenosis based on CTA and DSA for all segments was 0.98 (P=0.001). CTA detected large arterial occlusion with 100% sensitivity and specificity. For detection of >or=50% stenosis, CTA had 97.1% sensitivity and 99.5% specificity. To detect all lesions >or=50% as determined by DSA, the cut off point on CTA appeared to be at >or=30%, with a false-positive rate of 2.4%. Compared to DSA, CTA has high sensitivity and specificity for detecting >or=50% stenosis of large intracranial arterial segments. CTA is minimally invasive and may be a useful screening tool for intracranial arterial disease and occlusion.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rar
                Revista argentina de radiología
                Rev. argent. radiol.
                Sociedad Argentina de Radiología (SAR) y Federación Argentina de Diagnóstico por Imágenes y Terapia Radiante (FAARDIT) (Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, , Argentina )
                1852-9992
                December 2014
                : 78
                : 4
                : 193-198
                Affiliations
                [01] Córdoba Córdoba orgnameNuevo Hospital San Roque orgdiv1Servicio de Radiología Argentina
                Article
                S1852-99922014000400002 S1852-9992(14)07800400002
                1f493586-7212-4db1-96ca-29124824a779

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 June 2014
                : 19 June 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Original

                Intracranial atheromatosis,Cerebral computed tomography,Atheromatosis,Tomografía computada cerebral,Ateromatosis intracraneal,Ateromatosis

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