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      The association between natural disasters and violence: A systematic review of the literature and a call for more epidemiological studies

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          Abstract

          The links between disasters and violence either self-directed or interpersonal are now more recognized. Nevertheless, the amount of research is limited. This article discusses the underlying association of disasters and violence and it also outlines a systematic review of the literature from 1976 to 2011. Finally, it concludes and recommends particular approaches for further epidemiological research.

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          Suicide as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis.

          Erica Harris, Peter B. Barraclough, Christopher C. Harris (1997)
          Mental disorders have a strong association with suicide. This meta-analysis, or statistical overview, of the literature gives an estimate of the suicide risk of the common mental disorders. We searched the medical literature to find reports on the mortality of mental disorders. English language reports were located on MEDLINE (1966-1993) with the search terms mental disorders', 'brain injury', 'eating disorders', 'epilepsy', 'suicide attempt', 'psychosurgery', with 'mortality' and 'follow-up studies', and from the reference lists of these reports. We abstracted 249 reports with two years or more follow-up and less than 10% loss of subjects, and compared observed numbers of suicides with those expected. A standardised mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated for each disorder. Of 44 disorders considered, 36 have a significantly raised SMR for suicide, five have a raised SMR which fails to reach significance, one SMR is not raised and for two entries the SMR could not be calculated. If these results can be generalised then virtually all mental disorders have an increased risk of suicide excepting mental retardation and dementia. The suicide risk is highest for functional and lowest for organic disorders with substance misuse disorders lying between. However, within these broad groupings the suicide risk varies widely.
          Article 0 comments Cited 164 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Armed conflict as a public health problem.

            D. López, Christopher Murray, Hollis E Krug … (2002)
            Article 0 comments Cited 101 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after hurricane Mitch.

              MARVIN STEINBERG, L Fairbanks, Haig Goenjian … (2001)
              This study determined the severity of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among Nicaraguan adolescents after Hurricane Mitch and the relationship of these reactions to objective and subjective features of hurricane exposure, death of a family member, forced relocation, and thoughts of revenge. Six months after the hurricane, 158 adolescents from three differentially exposed cities were evaluated by using a hurricane exposure questionnaire, the Child Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Reaction Index, and the Depression Self-Rating SCALE: Severe levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions were found among adolescents in the two most heavily affected cities. Severity of posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions and features of objective hurricane-related experiences followed a "dose-of-exposure" pattern that was congruent with the rates of death and destruction across cities. Level of impact (city), objective and subjective features, and thoughts of revenge accounted for 68% of the variance in severity of posttraumatic stress reaction. Severity of posttraumatic stress reaction, death of a family member, and sex accounted for 59% of the variance in severity of depression. After a category 5 hurricane, adolescents in heavily affected areas with extreme objective and subjective hurricane-related traumatic features of exposure experience severe and chronic posttraumatic stress and comorbid depressive reactions. The recovery of the severely affected Nicaraguan adolescents is vital to the social and economic recovery of a country ravaged by years of political violence and poverty. These findings strongly indicate the need to incorporate public mental health approaches, including systematic screening and trauma/grief-focused interventions, within a comprehensive disaster recovery program.
              Article 0 comments Cited 66 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Res Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Res Med Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JRMS
                Title: Journal of Research in Medical Sciences : The Official Journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
                Publisher: Medknow Publications & Media Pvt Ltd (India )
                ISSN (Print): 1735-1995
                ISSN (Electronic): 1735-7136
                Publication date (Print): December 2013
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 1103-1107
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Social Medicine, Occupational Environmental Research Center, Rafsanjan Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Prof. Mohsen Rezaeian, Department of Social Medicine, Occupational Environmental Research Center, Rafsanjan Medical School, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. E-mail: moeygmr2@ 123456yahoo.co.uk
                Article
                Publisher ID: JRMS-18-1103
                PMC ID: 3908534
                PubMed ID: 24523804
                SO-VID: 1fa0495f-ec23-4cfc-95b1-43a3d67b9bfa
                Copyright © Copyright: © Journal of Research in Medical Sciences
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 May 2012
                Date revision received : 01 May 2013
                Date accepted : 07 May 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: epidemiological studies,natural disasters,interpersonal violence,self-directed violence
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: epidemiological studies, natural disasters, interpersonal violence, self-directed violence

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