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      Aggressive and Defensive Behaviour, Normative, and Social Adjustment in the Complex Dynamics of School Bullying Translated title: La conducta agresiva y de defensa, y el ajuste normativo y social en las complejas dinámicas de acoso escolar

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          ABSTRACT

          Bullying is a group phenomenon in which schoolchildren take on different roles. Although certain contextual elements play a key role in its evolution, very few longitudinal studies have been carried out to date which investigate how these factors interact. This study aims to explore the different class groupings as regards bullying norms and to examine the effect of the type of norm, social, and normative adjustment and pro-sociality, also of the interaction of group norms with involvement in aggression and victim defence in bullying situations. A total of 3,358 secondary school students (50.71% girls, M age = 13 years, SD = 1.34) participated in the study. Four groups of norms towards bullying were identified: anti-bullying, anti-bullying but not actively defending, indifference, and pro-bullying. Univariate linear regression models showed that normative adjustment and the type of norms had a direct inverse effect on both types of behaviour, while pro-sociality only had an effect on defence. In groups with pro-bullying norms, a greater effect of normative adjustment was observed for involvement in defence and aggression, and pro-social skills were associated with aggression. These results suggest the need to work on moral, social and emotional elements to improve school climate in schools.

          RESUMEN

          El acoso escolar es un fenómeno grupal en el que los escolares asumen roles diferentes. Aunque determinadas características contextuales juegan un papel fundamental en su evolución, aún son escasos los estudios longitudinales que exploran cómo interactúan dichos factores. El presente estudio tiene como objetivos explorar los diferentes tipos de agrupamientos de clases según las normas de acoso escolar y examinar el efecto del tipo de norma, el ajuste social y normativo y la prosocialidad, así como la interacción de las normas del grupo con la implicación en la agresión y defensa de la víctima en situaciones de acoso. Un total de 3,358 escolares de secundaria (50.71 % chicas, M edad = 13 años, DT = 1.34) participaron en el estudio. Se identificaron cuatro grupos de normas hacia el acoso: antibullying, en contra del acoso, en contra pero sin defender activamente, neutral y a favor del acoso. Los modelos de regresión lineal univariados mostraron que el ajuste normativo y el tipo de normas tenían un efecto directo inverso en ambas conductas, mientras que la prosocialidad solo tuvo un efecto inverso sobre la conducta de defensa. En los grupos con normas antiacoso se observó un mayor efecto del ajuste normativo en la implicación en la defensa y agresión y que las habilidades prosociales se asociaban con la agresión. Los resultados sugieren que es necesario trabajar los aspectos morales, sociales y emocionales para mejorar el clima escolar.

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          One possible reason for the continued neglect of statistical power analysis in research in the behavioral sciences is the inaccessibility of or difficulty with the standard material. A convenient, although not comprehensive, presentation of required sample sizes is provided here. Effect-size indexes and conventional values for these are given for operationally defined small, medium, and large effects. The sample sizes necessary for .80 power to detect effects at these levels are tabled for eight standard statistical tests: (a) the difference between independent means, (b) the significance of a product-moment correlation, (c) the difference between independent rs, (d) the sign test, (e) the difference between independent proportions, (f) chi-square tests for goodness of fit and contingency tables, (g) one-way analysis of variance, and (h) the significance of a multiple or multiple partial correlation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Psychosoc Interv
                Interv Psicosoc
                pi
                Psychosocial Intervention
                Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid
                1132-0559
                2173-4712
                7 August 2023
                August 2023
                : 32
                : 3
                : 165-175
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidad de Córdoba Spain originalUniversidad de Córdoba, Spain
                Author notes
                Correspondence: eva.romera@ 123456uco.es (Eva Romera).

                Conflict of Interest: The authors of this article declare no conflict of interest.

                Article
                00003
                10.5093/pi2023a11
                10484022
                37691713
                2061b633-be65-42c9-a6f1-d6d0db0818fa
                Copyright © 2023, Colegio Oficial de la Psicología de Madrid

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial No Derivative License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited and the work is not changed in any way.

                History
                : 25 January 2023
                : 14 April 2023
                : 27 June 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 76
                Categories
                Research-Article

                bullying,latent class analysis,social adjustment,normative adjustment,pro-sociality,acoso escolar,análisis de clases latentes,ajuste social,ajuste normativo,prosocialidad

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