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      Betel Nut Usage Is a Major Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease

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          Abstract

          Aim:

          The objective of our study was to assess betel nut usage as one of the major risk factors associated with coronary artery disease.

          Methods:

          This case control study consisted of 300 controls and 300 cases. A structured questionnaire was administered to the participants to assess consumption of betel nut and confounding variables. A respondent was considered a regular consumer of betel nut if he/she consumed one or more pieces of betel nut every day for a period of greater than 6 months.

          Results:

          About 8 in 10 betel nut chewers developed coronary artery disease. After adjusting for diabetes and hypertension, the odds ratio analysis depicted 7.72 times greater likelihood for coronary artery disease in patients who chewed betel nut for more than 10 years.

          Conclusion:

          Our study concludes that betel nut chewing is a significant risk factor leading to the development of coronary artery disease.

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          Most cited references41

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          Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case-control study.

          Koon Teo, Stephanie Ounpuu, Steven Hawken … (2006)
          Tobacco use is one of the major avoidable causes of cardiovascular diseases. We aimed to assess the risks associated with tobacco use (both smoking and non-smoking) and second hand tobacco smoke (SHS) worldwide. We did a standardised case-control study of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with 27,089 participants in 52 countries (12,461 cases, 14,637 controls). We assessed relation between risk of AMI and current or former smoking, type of tobacco, amount smoked, effect of smokeless tobacco, and exposure to SHS. We controlled for confounders such as differences in lifestyles between smokers and non-smokers. Current smoking was associated with a greater risk of non-fatal AMI (odds ratio [OR] 2.95, 95% CI 2.77-3.14, p 21 h per week). Young male current smokers had the highest population attributable risk (58.3%; 95% CI 55.0-61.6) and older women the lowest (6.2%, 4.1-9.2). Population attributable risk for exposure to SHS for more than 1 h per week in never smokers was 15.4% (12.1-19.3). Tobacco use is one of the most important causes of AMI globally, especially in men. All forms of tobacco use, including different types of smoking and chewing tobacco and inhalation of SHS, should be discouraged to prevent cardiovascular diseases.
          Article 0 comments Cited 223 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Global epidemiology of areca nut usage.

            Y. Gupta, S Warnakulasuriya (2001)
            A substantial proportion of the world's population is engaged in chewing areca nut and the habit is endemic throughout the Indian subcontinent, large parts of south Asia and Melanesia. A large variety of ingredients, including tobacco, may be used along with areca nut constituting a betel quid. The composition and method of chewing can vary widely from country to country and these population variations are described in this review. Some populations are known to use areca nut without tobacco providing good opportunities to further research the carcinogenecity of areca nut. Some interesting trends on chewing patterns have emerged from recent data, suggesting a decline in the habit in some countries such as Thailand while the prevalence of areca nut use is rising in India and Taiwan.
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              Metabolic effects of the consumption of Areca catechu.

              Matthew B. Boucher, Malik Mannan (2001)
              Betel nut (Areca catechu) is chewed regularly by at least 10% of the world population, imported by immigrant users wherever they settle, and is the fourth most widely used addictive substance. It is thought, by users, to soothe the digestion and to be a stimulant and its use has a major role in social situations. Specific arecal alkaloids act as competitive inhibitors of GABA receptors and have widespread effects in the body, including actions on the brain, cardiovascular system, lungs, gut and pancreas. Nitrosated derivatives of arecal alkaloids, proven carcinogens inducing tumours throughout the upper gut and foregut derivatives in animals, are also associated with increased tumour risks in man. These nitrosated compounds are also diabetogenic in CD1 mice, producing a type 2 diabetes with obesity. Increased central obesity is found in association with betel usage in man as well as increases in circulating markers of inflammatory and cardiovascular damage. The effects of chronic betel usage in man are at least as diverse as those of smoking and the habit increases the risks of ill health.
              Article 0 comments Cited 71 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Glob J Health Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Glob J Health Sci
                Title: Global Journal of Health Science
                Publisher: Canadian Center of Science and Education (Canada )
                ISSN (Print): 1916-9736
                ISSN (Electronic): 1916-9744
                Publication date (Print): March 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 December 2013
                Volume: 6
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 189-195
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Dow Medical College, Pakistan
                [2 ]Ziauddin Medical University, Pakistan
                [3 ]Civil Hospital, Pakistan
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Muhammad Shahzeb Khan, 109/2 Main Khayabane Amir Khusro Phase 6 DHA, Karachi, Pakistan. Tel: 92-321-206-6743. E-mail: shahzebkhan@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: GJHS-6-189
                DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v6n2p189
                PMC ID: 4825463
                PubMed ID: 24576380
                SO-VID: 21cbaf4c-286a-4cf3-a600-0eb92097f2ab
                Copyright © Copyright: © Canadian Center of Science and Education
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 17 November 2013
                Date accepted : 11 December 2013
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: betel nut,coronary artery disease,risk factor,karachi,pakistan
                Data availability:
                Keywords: betel nut, coronary artery disease, risk factor, karachi, pakistan

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