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      Spectrum of Tendon Pathologies: Triggers, Trails and End-State

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          Abstract

          The biggest compartment of the musculoskeletal system is the tendons and ligaments. In particular, tendons are dense tissues connecting muscle to bone that are critical for the integrity, function and locomotion of this system. Due to the increasing age of our society and the overall rise in engagement in extreme and overuse sports, there is a growing prevalence of tendinopathies. Despite the recent advances in tendon research and due to difficult early diagnosis, a multitude of risk factors and vague understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms involved in the progression of tendon injuries, the toolbox of treatment strategies remains limited and non-satisfactory. This review is designed to summarize the current knowledge of triggers, trails and end state of tendinopathies.

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          Identification of tendon stem/progenitor cells and the role of the extracellular matrix in their niche.

          Yanming Bi, Driss Ehirchiou, Tina Kilts … (2007)
          The repair of injured tendons remains a great challenge, largely owing to a lack of in-depth characterization of tendon cells and their precursors. We show that human and mouse tendons harbor a unique cell population, termed tendon stem/progenitor cells (TSPCs), that has universal stem cell characteristics such as clonogenicity, multipotency and self-renewal capacity. The isolated TSPCs could regenerate tendon-like tissues after extended expansion in vitro and transplantation in vivo. Moreover, we show that TSPCs reside within a unique niche predominantly comprised of an extracellular matrix, and we identify biglycan (Bgn) and fibromodulin (Fmod) as two critical components that organize this niche. Depletion of Bgn and Fmod affects the differentiation of TSPCs by modulating bone morphogenetic protein signaling and impairs tendon formation in vivo. Our results, while offering new insights into the biology of tendon cells, may assist in future strategies to treat tendon diseases.
          Article 0 comments Cited 443 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            National trends in rotator cuff repair.

            Alexis Chiang Colvin, Natalia Egorova, Alicia Harrison … (2012)
            Recent publications suggest that arthroscopic and open rotator cuff repairs have had comparable clinical results, although each technique has distinct advantages and disadvantages. National hospital and ambulatory surgery databases were reviewed to identify practice patterns for rotator cuff repair. The rates of medical visits for rotator cuff pathology, and the rates of open and arthroscopic rotator cuff repair, were examined for the years 1996 and 2006 in the United States. The national incidence of rotator cuff repairs and related data were obtained from inpatient (National Hospital Discharge Survey, NHDS) and ambulatory surgery (National Survey of Ambulatory Surgery, NSAS) databases. These databases were queried with use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) procedure codes for arthroscopic (ICD-9 codes 83.63 and 80.21) and open (code 83.63 without code 80.21) rotator cuff repair. We also examined where the surgery was performed (inpatient versus ambulatory surgery center) and characteristics of the patients, including age, sex, and comorbidities. The unadjusted volume of all rotator cuff repairs increased 141% in the decade from 1996 to 2006. The unadjusted number of arthroscopic procedures increased by 600% while open repairs increased by only 34% during this time interval. There was a significant shift from inpatient to outpatient surgery (p < 0.001). The increase in national rates of rotator cuff repair over the last decade has been dramatic, particularly for arthroscopic assisted repair.
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              Inflammatory mechanisms in tendinopathy – towards translation

              Neal Millar, George A. C. Murrell, Iain McInnes (2017)
              Tendinopathy is a multifactorial spectrum of tendon disorders that affects different anatomical sites and is characterized by activity-related tendon pain. These disorders are common, account for a high proportion (∼30%) of referrals to musculoskeletal practitioners and confer a large socioeconomic burden of disease. Our incomplete
              Article 0 comments Cited 147 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 January 2020
                Publication date Collection: February 2020
                Volume: 21
                Issue: 3
                Electronic Location Identifier: 844
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Am Biopark 9, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; sara.steinmann@ 123456ukr.de (S.S.); christian.pfeifer@ 123456ukr.de (C.G.P.)
                [2 ]Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
                [3 ]Institute of Pathology, University Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee 11, 93053 Regensburg, Germany; christoph.brochhausen@ 123456ukr.de
                [4 ]Department of Medical Biology, Medical University-Plovdiv, 15A Vassil Aprilov Blvd., 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: denitsa.docheva@ 123456ukr.de ; Tel.: +49 941 943-1605
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9284-1138
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7588-1290
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-21-00844
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030844
                PMC ID: 7037288
                PubMed ID: 32013018
                SO-VID: 2227b028-771a-4512-8f3d-9e796b006b95
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 November 2019
                Date accepted : 24 January 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: tendon pathologies,tendinopathy,tendinitis,tendinosis,tendon rupture,risk factors,tendinopathy management
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: tendon pathologies, tendinopathy, tendinitis, tendinosis, tendon rupture, risk factors, tendinopathy management

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