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      Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Correlates of Psychiatric and Substance Use Disorders and Associations with HIV Risk Behaviors in a Multisite Cohort of Women Living with HIV

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          Abstract

          We used the World Health Organization’s Composite International Diagnostic Interview to determine the prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of lifetime and 12-month behavioral health disorders in a multisite cohort of 1027 women living with HIV in the United States. Most (82.6%) had one or more lifetime disorders including 34.2% with mood disorders, 61.6% with anxiety disorders, and 58.3% with substance use disorders. Over half (53.9%) had at least one 12-month disorder, including 22.1% with mood disorders, 45.4% with anxiety disorders, and 11.1% with substance use disorders. Behavioral health disorder onset preceded HIV diagnosis by an average of 19 years. In multivariable models, likelihood of disorders was associated with women’s race/ethnicity, employment status, and income. Women with 12-month behavioral health disorders were significantly more likely than their counterparts to engage in subsequent sexual and substance use HIV risk behaviors. We discuss the complex physical and behavioral health needs of women living with HIV.

          Resumen

          Utilizamos la Entrevista Diagnóstica Internacional Compuesta de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para determinar la prevalencia, la comorbilidad y los correlatos de trastornos de salud conductual de la vida y de 12 meses en una cohorte multisitio de 1.027 mujeres que viven con VIH en los Estados Unidos. La mayoría (82.6%) tuvo uno o más trastornos en su vida, incluyendo 34.2% con trastornos del estado de ánimo, 61.6% con trastornos de ansiedad y 58.3% con trastornos por el uso de las sustancias. Más de la mitad (53.9%) tuvo al menos un trastorno en los últimos 12 meses, incluyendo 22.1% con trastornos del estado de ánimo, 45.4% con trastornos de ansiedad y 11.1% con trastornos por el uso de las sustancias. El inicio del trastorno de salud conductual precedió el diagnóstico de VIH en un promedio de 19 años. En modelos multivariables, la probabilidad de trastornos se asoció con la raza/etnia de las mujeres, el estado de empleo y los ingresos. Las mujeres con trastornos de salud conductual de 12 meses fueron considerablemente más probable que sus homólogas a participar en comportamientos de riesgo de VIH como el uso de las sustancias y conductas sexuales de riesgo. Discutimos las necesidades complejas de salud física y conductual de las mujeres que viven con el VIH.

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          The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)

          This paper presents an overview of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and a discussion of the methodological research on which the development of the instrument was based. The WMH‐CIDI includes a screening module and 40 sections that focus on diagnoses (22 sections), functioning (four sections), treatment (two sections), risk factors (four sections), socio‐demographic correlates (seven sections), and methodological factors (two sections). Innovations compared to earlier versions of the CIDI include expansion of the diagnostic sections, a focus on 12‐month as well as lifetime disorders in the same interview, detailed assessment of clinical severity, and inclusion of information on treatment, risk factors, and consequences. A computer‐assisted version of the interview is available along with a direct data entry software system that can be used to keypunch responses to the paper‐and‐pencil version of the interview. Computer programs that generate diagnoses are also available based on both ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV criteria. Elaborate CD‐ROM‐based training materials are available to teach interviewers how to administer the interview as well as to teach supervisors how to monitor the quality of data collection. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
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            Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder.

            To estimate the rates and patterns of major depression and bipolar disorder based on cross-national epidemiologic surveys. Population-based epidemiologic studies using similar methods from 10 countries: the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, France, West Germany, Italy, Lebanon, Taiwan, Korea, and New Zealand. Approximately 38000 community subjects. Rates, demographics, and age at onset of major depression and bipolar disorder. Symptom profiles, comorbidity, and marital status with major depression. The lifetime rates for major depression vary widely across countries, ranging from 1.5 cases per 100 adults in the sample in Taiwan to 19.0 cases per 100 adults in Beirut. The annual rates ranged from 0.8 cases per 100 adults in Taiwan to 5.8 cases per 100 adults in New Zealand. The mean age at onset shows less variation (range, 24.8-34.8 years). In every country, the rates of major depression were higher for women than men. By contrast, the lifetime rates of bipolar disorder are more consistent across countries (0.3/100 in Taiwan to 1.5/100 in New Zealand); the sex ratios are nearly equal; and the age at first onset is earlier (average, 6 years) than the onset of major depression. Insomnia and loss of energy occurred in most persons with major depression at each site. Persons with major depression were also at increased risk for comorbidity with substance abuse and anxiety disorders at all sites. Persons who were separated or divorced had significantly higher rates of major depression than married persons in most of the countries, and the risk was somewhat greater for divorced or separated men than women in most countries. There are striking similarities across countries in patterns of major depression and of bipolar disorder. The differences in rates for major depression across countries suggest that cultural differences or different risk factors affect the expression of the disorder.
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              Treatment of medical, psychiatric, and substance-use comorbidities in people infected with HIV who use drugs.

              HIV-infected drug users have increased age-matched morbidity and mortality compared with HIV-infected people who do not use drugs. Substance-use disorders negatively affect the health of HIV-infected drug users, who also have frequent medical and psychiatric comorbidities that complicate HIV treatment and prevention. Evidence-based treatments are available for the management of substance-use disorders, mental illness, HIV and other infectious complications such as viral hepatitis and tuberculosis, and many non-HIV-associated comorbidities. Tuberculosis co-infection in HIV-infected drug users, including disease caused by drug-resistant strains, is acquired and transmitted as a consequence of inadequate prescription of antiretroviral therapy, poor adherence, and repeated interfaces with congregate settings such as prisons. Medication-assisted therapies provide the strongest evidence for HIV treatment and prevention efforts, yet are often not available where they are needed most. Antiretroviral therapy, when prescribed and adherence is at an optimum, improves health-related outcomes for HIV infection and many of its comorbidities, including tuberculosis, viral hepatitis, and renal and cardiovascular disease. Simultaneous clinical management of multiple comorbidities in HIV-infected drug users might result in complex pharmacokinetic drug interactions that must be adequately addressed. Moreover, interventions to improve adherence to treatment, including integration of health services delivery, are needed. Multifaceted, interdisciplinary approaches are urgently needed to achieve parity in health outcomes in HIV-infected drug users. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +1 312 355 3921 , cook@ripco.com
                Journal
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS Behav
                AIDS and Behavior
                Springer US (New York )
                1090-7165
                1573-3254
                19 February 2018
                19 February 2018
                2018
                : 22
                : 10
                : 3141-3154
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2175 0319, GRID grid.185648.6, Department of Psychiatry, , University of Illinois at Chicago, ; 1601 West Taylor Street, 4th Floor, M/C 912, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2284 9943, GRID grid.257060.6, Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology, and Prevention, , Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, ; Great Neck, NY USA
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2297 6811, GRID grid.266102.1, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, , University of California, San Francisco, ; San Francisco, CA USA
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2156 6853, GRID grid.42505.36, Institute for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Research, , University of Southern California, ; Los Angeles, CA USA
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1955 1644, GRID grid.213910.8, Department of Family Medicine, , Georgetown University, ; Washington, DC USA
                [6 ]ISNI 0000000121791997, GRID grid.251993.5, Department of Medicine, , Albert Einstein College of Medicine, ; Bronx, NY USA
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2171 9311, GRID grid.21107.35, Department of Epidemiology, , Johns Hopkins University, ; Baltimore, MD USA
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0459 2250, GRID grid.413120.5, Department of Medicine, , Cook County Hospital Health and Hospital System, ; Chicago, IL USA
                Article
                2051
                10.1007/s10461-018-2051-3
                6153984
                29460130
                22c79e18-454b-46e9-9cfd-53298b415bc5
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000025, National Institute of Mental Health;
                Award ID: 1R01MH089830
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000060, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases;
                Award ID: U01-AI-035004
                Award ID: U01-AI-034993
                Award ID: U01-AI-042590
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                psychiatric epidemiology,women living with hiv,mental illness,substance use disorder,prevalence of behavioral health disorder

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