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      • Record: found
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      The gut microbiota and host health: a new clinical frontier

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          Abstract

          Over the last 10–15 years, our understanding of the composition and functions of the human gut microbiota has increased exponentially. To a large extent, this has been due to new ‘omic’ technologies that have facilitated large-scale analysis of the genetic and metabolic profile of this microbial community, revealing it to be comparable in influence to a new organ in the body and offering the possibility of a new route for therapeutic intervention. Moreover, it might be more accurate to think of it like an immune system: a collection of cells that work in unison with the host and that can promote health but sometimes initiate disease. This review gives an update on the current knowledge in the area of gut disorders, in particular metabolic syndrome and obesity-related disease, liver disease, IBD and colorectal cancer. The potential of manipulating the gut microbiota in these disorders is assessed, with an examination of the latest and most relevant evidence relating to antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, polyphenols and faecal microbiota transplantation.

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          Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Induces Remission in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized Controlled Trial.

          Paul Moayyedi, Michael Surette, Peter Kim … (2015)
          Ulcerative colitis (UC) is difficult to treat, and standard therapy does not always induce remission. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an alternative approach that induced remission in small series of patients with active UC. We investigated its safety and efficacy in a placebo-controlled randomized trial.
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            Pleiotropic roles of bile acids in metabolism.

            Thomas Q de Aguiar Vallim, Elizabeth Tarling, Peter Edwards (2013)
            Enzymatic oxidation of cholesterol generates numerous distinct bile acids that function both as detergents that facilitate digestion and absorption of dietary lipids, and as hormones that activate four distinct receptors. Activation of these receptors alters gene expression in multiple tissues, leading to changes not only in bile acid metabolism but also in glucose homeostasis, lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, energy expenditure, intestinal motility and bacterial growth, inflammation, liver regeneration, and hepatocarcinogenesis. This review covers the roles of specific bile acids, synthetic agonists, and their cognate receptors in controlling these diverse functions, as well as their current use in treating human diseases. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Findings From a Randomized Controlled Trial of Fecal Transplantation for Patients With Ulcerative Colitis.

              Noortje Rossen, Susana Fuentes, Mirjam J van der Spek … (2015)
              Several case series have reported the effects of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for ulcerative colitis (UC). We assessed the efficacy and safety of FMT for patients with UC in a double-blind randomized trial. Patients with mild to moderately active UC (n = 50) were assigned to groups that underwent FMT with feces from healthy donors or were given autologous fecal microbiota (control); each transplant was administered via nasoduodenal tube at the start of the study and 3 weeks later. The study was performed at the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam from June 2011 through May 2014. The composite primary end point was clinical remission (simple clinical colitis activity index scores ≤2) combined with ≥1-point decrease in the Mayo endoscopic score at week 12. Secondary end points were safety and microbiota composition by phylogenetic microarray in fecal samples. Thirty-seven patients completed the primary end point assessment. In the intention-to-treat analysis, 7 of 23 patients who received fecal transplants from healthy donors (30.4%) and 5 of 25 controls (20.0%) achieved the primary end point (P = .51). In the per-protocol analysis, 7 of 17 patients who received fecal transplants from healthy donors (41.2%) and 5 of 20 controls (25.0%) achieved the primary end point (P = .29). Serious adverse events occurred in 4 patients (2 in the FMT group), but these were not considered to be related to the FMT. At 12 weeks, the microbiota of responders in the FMT group was similar to that of their healthy donors; remission was associated with proportions of Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa. In this phase 2 trial, there was no statistically significant difference in clinical and endoscopic remission between patients with UC who received fecal transplants from healthy donors and those who received their own fecal microbiota, which may be due to limited numbers. However, the microbiota of responders had distinct features from that of nonresponders, warranting further study. ClinicalTrials.gov Number: NCT01650038. Copyright © 2015 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Gut
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Gut
                Journal ID (hwp): gutjnl
                Journal ID (publisher-id): gut
                Title: Gut
                Publisher: BMJ Publishing Group (BMA House, Tavistock Square, London, WC1H 9JR )
                ISSN (Print): 0017-5749
                ISSN (Electronic): 1468-3288
                Publication date (Print): February 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 September 2015
                Volume: 65
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 330-339
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff University , Cardiff, UK
                [2 ]Centre for Digestive and Gut Health, Imperial College London , London, UK
                [3 ]NIHR Biomedical Research Unit, Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham, UK
                [4 ]Nutrition and Nutrigenomics Group, Department of Food Quality and Nutrition, Research and Innovation Centre , Trento, Italy
                [5 ]Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University , Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [6 ]Top Institute Food and Nutrition (TIFN) , Wageningen, The Netherlands
                [7 ]Division of Applied Medicine, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences , Aberdeen, UK
                [8 ]Section of Computational and Systems Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London , London, UK
                [9 ]Yakult UK Limited , Middlesex, UK
                [10 ]IBD Unit, St Mark's Hospital and Imperial College London , London, UK
                Author notes
                [Correspondence to ] Dr Ailsa Hart, IBD Unit, St Mark's Hospital and Imperial College London, Watford Road, London HA13UJ, UK; ailsa.hart@ 123456nhs.net
                Article
                Publisher ID: gutjnl-2015-309990
                DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-309990
                PMC ID: 4752653
                PubMed ID: 26338727
                SO-VID: 22da829a-8d3d-4897-8669-5fab992059fc
                Copyright © Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://www.bmj.com/company/products-services/rights-and-licensing/
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/

                History
                Date received : 20 May 2015
                Date revision received : 14 July 2015
                Date accepted : 16 July 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Recent Advances in Basic Science
                Subject: 1506
                Subject: 1239
                Custom metadata
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Gastroenterology & Hepatology
                Keywords: intestinal bacteria
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Gastroenterology & Hepatology
                Keywords: intestinal bacteria

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