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      In vivo anti- Trichophyton Activities of Seed Oil Obtained from Caragana korshinskii Kom.

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          Abstract

          Aim: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of seed oil of Caragana korshinskii Kom . against Trichophyton mentagrophytes on an in vivo guinea pig model of dermatophytosis. Methods: The skin of albino guinea pigs was infected with T. mentagrophytes, and the animals were divided into five groups: negative control (NC group), positive control (PC group), vehicle control, CK50% group (received topical 50% seed oil of C. korshinskii), and CK100% group (received topical 100% seed oil of C. korshinskii). Evaluation of clinical efficacy was performed 72 h after the completion of a 10-day treatment regimen. Skin biopsy samples were processed for histopathological examination. Results: The infected untreated control guinea pigs showed patches of hair loss and ulcerated or scaly skin. Lower clinical scores indicate improved efficacy compared with NC. The lesion scores significantly declined in the CK50%, CK100%, and PC groups in comparison with the NC group. The CK50% group (45.31%) and the CK100% group (75%) showed clinical efficacy compared with the PC group (78.13%). In addition, no fungal elements, inflammation, or tissue destruction was observed in any of the PAS-stained sections of the infected skin in the groups treated with CK100% or 1% terbinafine. Conclusion: Seed oil of C. korshinskii demonstrated high antifungal efficacy in experimental dermatophytosis.

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          Mode of action and resistance to azole antifungals associated with the formation of 14 alpha-methylergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3 beta,6 alpha-diol.

          Alastair D Lamb, John Kelly, Matthew S. Kelly … (1995)
          Azole antifungal compounds inhibit sterol 14 alpha-demethylase. They are used extensively for the treatment of immunocompromised patients where fungal infection is common and often results in death. Resistance to the compounds is emerging, particularly in fungal pathogens obtained from AIDS patients undergoing prolonged therapy. We show here that cell growth arrest correlates with the accumulation of 14 alpha-methyl-ergosta-8,24(28)-dien-3 beta,6 alpha-diol in a yeast strain with a sterol 14 alpha-demethylase gene disruption, which mimics stringent treatment conditions. Cells can overcome the effect of such a block by a suppressor mutation in sterol delta 5,6 desaturation and acquire azole resistance. Plasmid-based complementation of sterol 14 alpha-demethylase defect does not alter the azole susceptibility of strains containing these suppressor mutations, showing resistance is due entirely to the delta 5.6 desaturase defect.
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            Antifungal activity of essential oils and their synergy with fluconazole against drug-resistant strains of Aspergillus fumigatus and Trichophyton rubrum.

            Iqbal Ahmad, S Khan (2011)
            The aim of this study was to screen certain plant essential oils and active compounds for antifungal activity and their in vitro interaction with fluconazole against drug-resistant pathogenic fungi. The methods employed in this work included disc diffusion, broth macrodilution, time kill methods and checkerboard microtiter tests. Oil compositions were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Transmission electron microscopy was used to assess the effect of essential oils on cellular structures of test fungi. Test fungal strains exhibited resistance to at least two drugs (fluconazole and itraconazole). Among the 21 essential oils or active compounds tested, ten showed promising antifungal activity. GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of major active compounds in the essential oils used. Cinnamaldehyde showed the most promising antifungal activity and killing potency against Aspergillus fumigatus MTCC2550 and Trichophyton rubrum IOA-9. Cinnamaldehyde showed strongest synergy with fluconazole against A. fumigatus and T. rubrum by reducing the minimum inhibitory concentration of fluconazole up to 8-fold. Zones of lysis of the cell wall and cell membrane appeared to be where cinnamaldehyde acted on fungi. This study highlights the broad spectrum antifungal activity of essential oils and active compounds and their synergy with fluconazole against drug-resistant fungi.
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              Effect of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil on the growth and ultrastructure of Aspergillus niger van Tieghem.

              Marziyeh Tolouee, Soheil Alinezhad, Reza Saberi … (2010)
              The antifungal activity of Matricaria chamomilla L. flower essential oil was evaluated against Aspergillus niger with the emphasis on the plant's mode of action at the electron microscopy level. A total of 21 compounds were identified in the plant oil using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) accounting for 92.86% of the oil composition. The main compounds identified were alpha-bisabolol (56.86%), trans-trans-farnesol (15.64%), cis-beta-farnesene (7.12%), guaiazulene (4.24%), alpha-cubebene (2.69%), alpha-bisabolol oxide A (2.19%) and chamazulene (2.18%). In the bioassay, A. niger was cultured on Potato Dextrose Broth medium in 6-well microplates in the presence of serial two fold concentrations of plant oil (15.62 to 1000 microg/mL) for 96 h at 28 degrees C. Based on the results obtained, A. niger growth was inhibited dose dependently with a maximum of approximately 92.50% at the highest oil concentration. A marked retardation in conidial production by the fungus was noticed in relation to the inhibition of hyphal growth. The main changes of hyphae observed by transmission electron microscopy were disruption of cytoplasmic membranes and intracellular organelles, detachment of plasma membrane from the cell wall, cytoplasm depletion, and complete disorganization of hyphal compartments. In scanning electron microscopy, swelling and deformation of hyphal tips, formation of short branches, and collapse of entire hyphae were the major changes observed. Morphological alterations might be due to the effect on cell permeability through direct interaction of M. chamomilla essential oil with the fungal plasma membrane. These findings indicate the potential of M. chamomilla L. essential oil in preventing fungal contamination and subsequent deterioration of stored food and other susceptible materials. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SPP
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Skin Pharmacol Physiol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1660-5527
                Title: Skin Pharmacology and Physiology
                Publisher: S. Karger AG
                ISSN (Print): 1660-5527
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-5535
                Publication date Subscription-year: 2016
                Publication date (Print): December 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 September 2016
                Volume: 29
                Issue: 5
                Pages: 243-249
                Affiliations
                aKey Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, bUniversity of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, and cThe First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
                Author notes
                *Xiaoyan Wang, Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 23 Xinning Lu, Xining, Qinghai 810008 (China), E-Mail xywang@nwipb.cas.cn, Mingkai Ji, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, 20 Chazhong, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004 (China), E-Mail mingkai_ji@163.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: 448739 Other ID: Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2016;29:243-249
                DOI: 10.1159/000448739
                PubMed ID: 27632407
                SO-VID: 23a96818-bed1-433e-9987-1731e9737c8a
                Copyright © © 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel
                License:

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Date received : 23 May 2016
                Date accepted : 24 July 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 4, References: 39, Pages: 7
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy,Pathology,Surgery,Dermatology,Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Caragana korshinskii Kom., Trichophyton mentagrophytes ,Guinea pig model,Antifungal agent,Histopathology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Oncology & Radiotherapy, Pathology, Surgery, Dermatology, Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: Caragana korshinskii Kom., Trichophyton mentagrophytes , Guinea pig model, Antifungal agent, Histopathology

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