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      Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with ovine toxoplasmosis in Northeast Brazil Translated title: Séroprévalence et facteurs de risque associés à la toxoplasmose ovine dans le Nord-Est du Brésil

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          Abstract

          Serum samples of 930 sheep were tested by ELISA to assess the prevalence of anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies and to identify risk factors associated with the presence of toxoplasmosis in two regions of Rio Grande do Norte (Northeast Brazil), with different climatic conditions. The overall estimated prevalence was 22.1%, with 26.3% and 17.8% positive sheep in Leste Potiguar and Central Potiguar regions, respectively. Among the positive sheep, 18.1% had low-avidity IgG antibodies, suggesting the occurrence of recent toxoplasmosis. The risk factors for toxoplasmosis in sheep were: presence of cats (odds ratio (OR) = 1.55; confidence interval (CI) 95% = 1.11–2.16), age of the animals, with adults presenting a greater chance of infection (OR = 2.44; CI 95% = 1.58–3.75), and the use of running water (OR = 1.61; CI 95% = 1.25–2.09), characterizing the existence of transmission by sporulated oocysts of T. gondii in the environment.

          Translated abstract

          Des échantillons de sérum de 930 moutons ont été analysés par le test ELISA dans le but d’évaluer la prévalence d’anticorps anti- Toxoplasma gondii et d’identifier les facteurs de risque associés à la présence de toxoplasmose chez les ovins dans deux régions de l’État de Rio Grande do Norte (Nord-Est du Brésil), ayant des conditions climatiques distinctes. La prévalence estimée était de 22.1 %, dont 26.3 % et 17.8 % de moutons positifs, respectivement, dans les régions Leste Potiguar et Central Potiguar. Chez les moutons positifs, 18,1 % ont présenté des anticorps IgG de basse-avidité, suggérant des événements récents de toxoplasmose. Les facteurs de risque associés à l’infection étaient : la présence de chats (rapport de cotes 1.55 ; intervalle de confiance 95 % 1.11-2.16), l’âge des animaux, les adultes ayant une plus grande chance d’infection (rc 2.44 ; ic 95 % 1.58-3.75), et l’utilisation d’eau courante (rc 1.61; ic 95 % 1.25-2.09), caractérisant ainsi l’existence de transmission par oocystes sporulés de T. gondii dans l’environnement.

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          Most cited references23

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          An innovative survey underlining the significant level of contamination by Toxoplasma gondii of ovine meat consumed in France.

          Consumption of sheep meat presents a risk of human contamination by Toxoplasma gondii. A nationwide study was conducted in France to evaluate the prevalence of Toxoplasma in fresh ovine meat. A sampling procedure was established to guarantee the representativity of consumption. As is the case for meat consumed, half of the samples were from France and half were imported from other countries. Animals were selected according to their age, as lamb (<12months) represents 90% of the meat consumed. Available data for French samples allowed the selection of 16 districts distributed in seven areas according to their density of production. Diaphragms and hearts from 433 sheep were collected. Diaphragms were collected from 398 imported carcasses. Fluids from hearts and diaphragms were tested serologically. All hearts were bioassayed in mice and parasite isolates were genotyped using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite markers. Prevalence estimates were calculated, taking into account uneven distribution of production and age. For French meat, the effect of area, age and their interactions was evaluated. The overall estimate of Toxoplasma seroprevalence was 17.7% (11.6-31.5%) for lambs and 89% (73.5-100%) for adults (P<0.0001). No significant difference was observed between imported and French meat. In France, seroprevalence in lambs showed an increasing North-western to Southern gradient. The proportion of French carcasses carrying live parasites according to bioassay results was estimated at 5.4% (3-7.5%) (45 genotype II; one genotype III). This study offers an accurate drawing of the toxoplasmosis pattern amongst sheep consumed in France and a model for a zoonosis hazard control survey. 2009 Australian Society for Parasitology Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Toxoplasmosis: beyond animals to humans.

            The parasitic zoonosis toxoplasmosis, which was poorly understood before the advent of the HIV epidemic, has become a major clinical problem worldwide. Humans acquire toxoplasmosis from cats, from consuming raw or undercooked meat and from vertical transmission to the foetus through the placenta during pregnancy. Studies of the unique environmental factors in various communities indicate the important roles that eating habits and culture have on the transmission of this infection. The socioepidemiological aspects of toxoplasmosis are thought to be important contributing factors for the spread of this disease. Preventative measures should consider the cultures and beliefs of people in various communities more than solving poverty and giving orthodox health education.
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              Serological survey of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in goats, sheep, cattle and water buffaloes in Bahia State, Brazil.

              Serum samples from 439 goats, 240 sheep, 194 cattle and 104 water buffaloes were tested for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii by a latex agglutination test. Antibodies to T. gondii were found in 28.93% of goats, 18.75% of sheep, 1.03% of cattle and 3.85% of water buffaloes, at a dilution of 1:64. The highest titres observed in goats, sheep, cattle and water buffaloes were 1:2048, 1:2048, 1:64 and 1:512, respectively.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2013
                28 May 2013
                : 20
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2013/01 )
                : 20
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
                [2 ] Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Biociências, UFRN Natal RN Brazil
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author: ricardovitor@ 123456icb.ufmg.br
                Article
                parasite120024 10.1051/parasite/2013019
                10.1051/parasite/2013019
                3718521
                23707895
                23b85982-c2ec-450f-8ed2-028e2d037aac
                © M.M.C. Andrade et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2013

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 26 December 2012
                : 14 May 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 5
                Categories
                Research Article

                toxoplasma gondii,sheep,elisa,seroprevalence
                toxoplasma gondii, sheep, elisa, seroprevalence

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