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      Bryophyte flora in an Amazon island: structure of communities in areas of different levels of anthropization

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          Abstract

          Abstract The present study is aimed to evaluate the richness, composition and spatial distribution of bryophytes occurring in Mosqueiro Island, in the Amazon forest. Forty-one 100-m² plots in 37 flooded and 4 non-flooded environments were selected for data collection, all substrate found were considered. The results were compared with surveys in other islands from the state of Pará and were analyzed according to frequency of populations, colonized substrates, light tolerance guilds, and distribution in Brazilian biomes. Ninety-seven species were recorded, distributed in 36 genera and 17 families, being 57 (58.7%) liverwort and 40 (41.2%) moss species. The rare species stood out with 53 species (54.08%). High similarity was observed between corticolous and epixylic communities, and between the terricolous community and the bryophytes found growing on charcoal, which is an artificial substrate. In relation to light tolerance guilds, generalist species prevailed (52 species, 53.6%). As for phytogeographic distribution, there was a predominance of taxa with occurrence in the Amazon and Atlantic rainforest (35 species, 37.11%). Ceratolejeunea ceratantha is reported for the first time for the state of Pará. The level of anthropization in the island was showed mainly by high richness and occurrence of generalist species underscores and well-adapted species to stressed conditions, evidencing changes in the bryophyte community structure.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a distribuição espacial de briófitas ocorrentes na Ilha de Mosqueiro, na Amazônia. Foram selecionadas 41 parcelas de 100 m² em ambientes alagados e não alagados para coleta de dados. Os resultados foram comparados com os levantamentos de outras ilhas do estado do Pará e analisados segundo frequência de populações, substratos colonizados, guildas de tolerância à luz e distribuição nos biomas brasileiros. Foram registradas 97 espécies, distribuídas em 36 gêneros e 18 famílias, sendo 57 (58,7%) hepáticas e 40 (41,2%) espécies de musgo. As espécies raras se destacaram com 53 espécies (54,08%). Observou-se alta similaridade entre as comunidades corticícolas e epíxilas, e entre a comunidade terrícola e com as briófitas encontradas crescendo no carvão, que é um substrato artificial. Em relação às guildas de tolerância à luz, prevaleceu a espécie generalista (52 espécies, 53,6%). Quanto à distribuição fitogeográfica, houve predomínio de espécies com ocorrência na Amazônia e Mata Atlântica (35 espécies, 37,11%) e espécies endêmicas da Amazônia (10 espécies, 10,3%). Ceratolejeunea ceratantha é relatada pela primeira vez para o estado do Pará. O nível de antropização na ilha foi evidenciado principalmente pela alta riqueza e ocorrência de espécies generalistas e bem adaptadas às condições de estresse, evidenciando alterações na estrutura da comunidade de briófitas.

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          Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas.

          The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon. With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses. As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world’s major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve ‘health’: about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.
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            A global assessment of endemism and species richness across island and mainland regions.

            Endemism and species richness are highly relevant to the global prioritization of conservation efforts in which oceanic islands have remained relatively neglected. When compared to mainland areas, oceanic islands in general are known for their high percentage of endemic species but only moderate levels of species richness, prompting the question of their relative conservation value. Here we quantify geographic patterns of endemism-scaled richness ("endemism richness") of vascular plants across 90 terrestrial biogeographic regions, including islands, worldwide and evaluate their congruence with terrestrial vertebrates. Endemism richness of plants and vertebrates is strongly related, and values on islands exceed those of mainland regions by a factor of 9.5 and 8.1 for plants and vertebrates, respectively. Comparisons of different measures of past and future human impact and land cover change further reveal marked differences between mainland and island regions. While island and mainland regions suffered equally from past habitat loss, we find the human impact index, a measure of current threat, to be significantly higher on islands. Projected land-cover changes for the year 2100 indicate that land-use-driven changes on islands might strongly increase in the future. Given their conservation risks, smaller land areas, and high levels of endemism richness, islands may offer particularly high returns for species conservation efforts and therefore warrant a high priority in global biodiversity conservation in this century.
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              Brazilian Flora 2020: Innovation and collaboration to meet Target 1 of the Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC)

              Abstract The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation (GSPC) was established by the Conference of Parties in 2002 to decrease the loss of plant diversity, reduce poverty and contribute to sustainable development. To achieve this overarching goal, the GSPC has established a series of targets, one of which is to ensure that plant diversity is well understood, so that it can be effectively conserved and used in a sustainable manner. Brazil hosts more than 46,000 species of plants, algae and fungi, representing one of the most biodiverse countries on Earth, and playing a key role in the GSPC. To meet the GSPC goals of Target 1 and facilitate access to plant diversity, Brazil committed to preparing the List of Species of the Brazilian Flora (2008-2015) and the Brazilian Flora 2020 (2016-present). Managing all the information associated with such great biodiversity has proven to be an extremely challenging task. Here, we synthesize the history of these projects, focusing on the multidisciplinary and collaborative approach adopted to develop and manage the inclusion of all the knowledge generated though digital information systems. We further describe the methods used, challenges faced, and strategies adopted, as well as summarize advances to date and prospects for completing the Brazilian flora in 2020.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rod
                Rodriguésia
                Rodriguésia
                Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil )
                0370-6583
                2175-7860
                2021
                : 72
                : e00792020
                Affiliations
                [2] Campinas SP orgnameUniversidade de Campinas orgdiv1Depto. Biologia Vegetal Brasil
                [3] Belém Pará orgnameUniversidade do Estado do Pará orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Naturais e Tecnologias Brazil
                [4] Belém Pará orgnameUniversidade do Estado do Pará orgdiv1Centro de Ciências Naturais e Tecnologias Brazil
                [1] Recife Pernambuco orgnameUniversidade Federal de Pernambuco orgdiv1Depto. Botânica Brazil
                Article
                S2175-78602021000100294 S2175-7860(21)07200000294
                10.1590/2175-7860202172107
                240595ff-db20-4419-95b1-64097ab87f1d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 23 October 2020
                : 12 May 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 96, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Categories
                Original Papers

                ecology,environmental modification,estuário amazônico,antropização,brioflora,ecologia,modificação ambiental,bryophyte flora,anthropization,amazonian estuaries

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