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      Word Recognition Memory in Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as Reflected by Event-Related Potentials

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          Abstract

          Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is increasingly diagnosed in adults. In this study we address the question whether there are impairments in recognition memory. Methods: In the present study 13 adults diagnosed with ADHD according to DSM-IV and 13 healthy controls were examined with respect to event-related potentials (ERPs) in a visual continuous word recognition paradigm to gain information about recognition memory effects in these patients. Results: The amplitude of one attention-related ERP component, the N1, was significantly increased for the ADHD adults compared with the healthy controls in the occipital electrodes. The ERPs for the second presentation were significantly more positive than the ERPs for the first presentation. This effect did not significantly differ between groups. Conclusion: Neuronal activity related to an early attentional mechanism appears to be enhanced in ADHD patients. Concerning the early or the late part of the old/new effect ADHD patients show no difference which suggests that there are no differences with respect to recollection and familiarity-based recognition processes.

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          Most cited references33

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          Working memory.

          A Baddeley (1992)
          The term working memory refers to a brain system that provides temporary storage and manipulation of the information necessary for such complex cognitive tasks as language comprehension, learning, and reasoning. This definition has evolved from the concept of a unitary short-term memory system. Working memory has been found to require the simultaneous storage and processing of information. It can be divided into the following three subcomponents: (i) the central executive, which is assumed to be an attentional-controlling system, is important in skills such as chess playing and is particularly susceptible to the effects of Alzheimer's disease; and two slave systems, namely (ii) the visuospatial sketch pad, which manipulates visual images and (iii) the phonological loop, which stores and rehearses speech-based information and is necessary for the acquisition of both native and second-language vocabulary.
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            Event-related brain potentials in the study of visual selective attention.

            S A Hillyard, L. Anllo-Vento (1998)
            Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) provide high-resolution measures of the time course of neuronal activity patterns associated with perceptual and cognitive processes. New techniques for ERP source analysis and comparisons with data from blood-flow neuroimaging studies enable improved localization of cortical activity during visual selective attention. ERP modulations during spatial attention point toward a mechanism of gain control over information flow in extrastriate visual cortical pathways, starting about 80 ms after stimulus onset. Paying attention to nonspatial features such as color, motion, or shape is manifested by qualitatively different ERP patterns in multiple cortical areas that begin with latencies of 100-150 ms. The processing of nonspatial features seems to be contingent upon the prior selection of location, consistent with early selection theories of attention and with the hypothesis that spatial attention is "special."
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              Receiver-operating characteristics in recognition memory: evidence for a dual-process model.

              Andrew Yonelinas (1994)
              Evidence is presented that recognition judgments are based on an assessment of familiarity, as is described by signal detection theory, but that a separate recollection process also contributes to performance. In 3 receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) experiments, the process dissociation procedure was used to examine the contribution of these processes to recognition memory. In Experiments 1 and 2, reducing the length of the study list increased the intercept (d') but decreased the slope of the ROC and increased the probability of recollection but left familiarity relatively unaffected. In Experiment 3, increasing study time increased the intercept but left the slope of the ROC unaffected and increased both recollection and familiarity. In all 3 experiments, judgments based on familiarity produced a symmetrical ROC (slope = 1), but recollection introduced a skew such that the slope of the ROC decreased.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Hum Neurosci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Hum. Neurosci.
                Title: Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
                Publisher: Frontiers Research Foundation
                ISSN (Electronic): 1662-5161
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 March 2011
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: 27
                Affiliations
                [1] 1simpleDepartment of Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School Hannover, Germany
                Author notes

                Edited by: Hans-Jochen Heinze, University of Magdeburg, Germany

                Reviewed by: George R. Mangun, University of California Davis, USA; Lioba Baving, Zentrums für Integrative Psychiatrie, Germany

                *Correspondence: Vanessa Prox-Vagedes, Department for Psychiatry, Socialpsychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.e-mail: prox-vagedes.vanessa@ 123456mh-hannover.de

                †Vanessa Prox-Vagedes and Stefanie Steinert have contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2011.00027
                PMC ID: 3060642
                PubMed ID: 21441988
                SO-VID: 247e331f-9a46-4339-b9ab-588496ef4b3c
                Copyright © Copyright © 2011 Prox-Vagedes, Steinert, Zhang, Roy, Dillo, Emrich, Dietrich and Ohlmeier.
                License:

                This is an open-access article subject to an exclusive license agreement between the authors and Frontiers Media SA, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original authors and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 19 April 2010
                Date accepted : 04 March 2011
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 46, Pages: 6, Words: 5422
                Categories
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: adults,memory,attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,word recognition,event-related potentials
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: adults, memory, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, word recognition, event-related potentials

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