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      Enhanced Recovery of Antioxidant Compounds from Hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.) Involucre Based on Extraction Optimization: Phytochemical Profile and Biological Activities

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          Abstract

          Tree nut by-products could contain a wide range of phytochemicals, natural antioxidants, which might be used as a natural source for dietary supplements. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the phenolic and sterolic composition, as well as the antioxidant and other biological activities, of hazelnut involucre (HI) extracts. Experimental designs were developed in order to select the optimum extraction conditions (solvent, temperature, time) using turbo-extraction by Ultra-Turrax for obtaining extracts rich in bioactive compounds. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed by LC-MS and LC-MS/MS and they revealed important amounts of individual polyphenols and phytosterols, molecules with antioxidant potential. The richest polyphenolic HI extract with the highest antioxidant activity by TEAC assay was further evaluated by other in vitro antioxidant tests (DPPH, FRAP) and enzyme inhibitory assays. Additionally, the cytotoxic and antioxidant effects of this extract on two cancerous cell lines and on normal cells were tested. This is the first study to analyze the composition of both hydrophilic and lipophilic bioactive compounds in HI extracts. Our findings reveal that this plant by-product presents strong biological activities, justifying further research, and it could be considered an inexpensive source of natural antioxidants for food, pharmaceutical, or cosmetic industry.

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          Review of nut phytochemicals, fat-soluble bioactives, antioxidant components and health effects.

          Cesarettin Alasalvar, Bradley Bolling (2015)
          The levels of phytochemicals (total phenols, proanthocyanidins, gallic acid + gallotannins, ellagic acid + ellagitannins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, stilbenes and phytates), fat-soluble bioactives (lipid, tocols, phytosterols, sphingolipids, carotenoids, chlorophylls and alkyl phenols) as well as natural antioxidants (nutrient and non-nutrient) present in commonly consumed twelve nuts (almond, Brazil nut, cashew, chestnut, hazelnut, heartnut, macadamia, peanut, pecan, pine nut, pistachio and walnut) are compared and reported. Recent studies adding new evidence for the health benefits of nuts are also discussed. Research findings from over 112 references, many of which have been published within last 10 years, have been compiled and reported.
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            Phytosterol composition of nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States.

            David M. Ruggio, Jacqueline Phillips, Mehdi Ashraf (2005)
            Phytosterols were quantified in nuts and seeds commonly consumed in the United States. Total lipid extracts were subjected to acid hydrolysis and then alkaline saponfication, and free sterols were analyzed as trimethylsilyl derivatives by capillary GC-FID and GC-MS. Delta5-Avenasterol was quantified after alkaline saponification plus direct analysis of the glucoside. Sesame seed and wheat germ had the highest total phytosterol content (400-413 mg/100 g) and Brazil nuts the lowest (95 mg/100 g). Of the products typically consumed as snack foods, pistachio and sunflower kernel were richest in phytosterols (270-289 mg/100 g). beta-Sitosterol, Delta5-avenasterol, and campesterol were predominant. Campestanol ranged from 1.0 to 12.7 mg/100 g. Only 13 mg/100 g beta-sitosterol was found in pumpkin seed kernel, although total sterol content was high (265 mg/100 g). Phytosterol concentrations were greater than reported in existing food composition databases, probably due to the inclusion of steryl glycosides, which represent a significant portion of total sterols in nuts and seeds.
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              Flavonoids and platelet aggregation: A brief review.

              Caterina Faggio, Antoni Sureda, Silvia Morabito … (2017)
              Platelets are small anucleated fragments derived from a megakaryocyte precursor. Platelets play a key role in many physiological functions especially in hemostasis and wound healing processes in order to maintain the integrity of the circulatory system. In addition, activated platelets release cytokines and chemokines which modulate the immune response and, in some cases of hyperactivation, they could be associated to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds ubiquosly found in plants known to be potent antioxidants with positive effects against diverse diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative or cardiovascular disease. It has been reported that some flavonoids possess anti-platelet aggregation effects though different pathways, being the inhibition of the arachidonic acid-based pathway the most representative mechanism of action. In the present review, the main sources of flavonoids, as well as their bioavailability and metabolism are summarized. Moreover, the available data about the anti-aggregation effects of flavonoids and the different mechanisms of action that has been proposed until now are also discussed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antioxidants (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): antioxidants
                Title: Antioxidants
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2076-3921
                Publication date (Electronic): 08 October 2019
                Publication date Collection: October 2019
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 460
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; marius.e.rusu@ 123456gmail.com (M.E.R.); laurian.vlase@ 123456umfcluj.ro (L.V.); tomutaioan@ 123456umfcluj.ro (I.T.)
                [2 ]Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; ionel.fizesan@ 123456umfcluj.ro (I.F.); floghin@ 123456umfcluj.ro (F.L.); dpopa@ 123456umfcluj.ro (D.-S.P.)
                [3 ]Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babes, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; mocan.andrei@ 123456umfcluj.ro (A.M.); gcrisan@ 123456umfcluj.ro (G.C.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: anca.pop@ 123456umfcluj.ro (A.P.); Gheldiu.Ana@ 123456umfcluj.ro (A.-M.G.); Tel.: +40-264-450-555 (A.P.); +40-264-595-770 (A.-M.G.)
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0880-9889
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5848-8457
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0664-3387
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4620-2498
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5094-008X
                Article
                Publisher ID: antioxidants-08-00460
                DOI: 10.3390/antiox8100460
                PMC ID: 6826866
                PubMed ID: 31597384
                SO-VID: 248eec93-45de-4179-92d0-9f6dbfa04d8d
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 August 2019
                Date accepted : 05 October 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: hazelnut involucre,antioxidants,polyphenols,phytosterols,biological activity,experimental design,lc-ms,turbo-extraction,ultra-turrax,enzymatic inhibition
                Data availability:
                Keywords: hazelnut involucre, antioxidants, polyphenols, phytosterols, biological activity, experimental design, lc-ms, turbo-extraction, ultra-turrax, enzymatic inhibition

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