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      Applications of 3D Bioprinted-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Healthcare

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          Abstract

          Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and advancements in three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology enable scientists to reprogram somatic cells to iPSCs and 3D print iPSC-derived organ constructs with native tissue architecture and function. iPSCs and iPSC-derived cells suspended in hydrogels (bioinks) allow to print tissues and organs for downstream medical applications. The bioprinted human tissues and organs are extremely valuable in regenerative medicine as bioprinting of autologous iPSC-derived organs eliminates the risk of immune rejection with organ transplants. Disease modeling and drug screening in bioprinted human tissues will give more precise information on disease mechanisms, drug efficacy, and drug toxicity than experimenting on animal models. Bioprinted iPSC-derived cancer tissues will aid in the study of early cancer development and precision oncology to discover patient-specific drugs. In this review, we present a brief summary of the combined use of two powerful technologies, iPSC technology, and 3D bioprinting in health-care applications.

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          Most cited references154

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          Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors.

          Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed to an embryonic-like state by transfer of nuclear contents into oocytes or by fusion with embryonic stem (ES) cells. Little is known about factors that induce this reprogramming. Here, we demonstrate induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts by introducing four factors, Oct3/4, Sox2, c-Myc, and Klf4, under ES cell culture conditions. Unexpectedly, Nanog was dispensable. These cells, which we designated iPS (induced pluripotent stem) cells, exhibit the morphology and growth properties of ES cells and express ES cell marker genes. Subcutaneous transplantation of iPS cells into nude mice resulted in tumors containing a variety of tissues from all three germ layers. Following injection into blastocysts, iPS cells contributed to mouse embryonic development. These data demonstrate that pluripotent stem cells can be directly generated from fibroblast cultures by the addition of only a few defined factors.
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            Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors.

            Successful reprogramming of differentiated human somatic cells into a pluripotent state would allow creation of patient- and disease-specific stem cells. We previously reported generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, capable of germline transmission, from mouse somatic cells by transduction of four defined transcription factors. Here, we demonstrate the generation of iPS cells from adult human dermal fibroblasts with the same four factors: Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. Human iPS cells were similar to human embryonic stem (ES) cells in morphology, proliferation, surface antigens, gene expression, epigenetic status of pluripotent cell-specific genes, and telomerase activity. Furthermore, these cells could differentiate into cell types of the three germ layers in vitro and in teratomas. These findings demonstrate that iPS cells can be generated from adult human fibroblasts.
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              National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease: a practical approach.

              We present a practical guide for the implementation of recently revised National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association guidelines for the neuropathologic assessment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Major revisions from previous consensus criteria are: (1) recognition that AD neuropathologic changes may occur in the apparent absence of cognitive impairment, (2) an "ABC" score for AD neuropathologic change that incorporates histopathologic assessments of amyloid β deposits (A), staging of neurofibrillary tangles (B), and scoring of neuritic plaques (C), and (3) more detailed approaches for assessing commonly co-morbid conditions such as Lewy body disease, vascular brain injury, hippocampal sclerosis, and TAR DNA binding protein (TDP)-43 immunoreactive inclusions. Recommendations also are made for the minimum sampling of brain, preferred staining methods with acceptable alternatives, reporting of results, and clinico-pathologic correlations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Int J Bioprint
                Int J Bioprint
                Whioce Publishing Pte. Ltd.
                International Journal of Bioprinting
                Whioce Publishing Pte. Ltd.
                2424-7723
                2424-8002
                2020
                30 July 2020
                : 6
                : 4
                : 280
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
                [2 ]Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, NY, USA
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding Author: Sanjairaj Vijayavenkataraman, Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE; vs89@ 123456nyu.edu
                Article
                IJB-6-4-280
                10.18063/ijb.v6i4.280
                7557348
                33088994
                262b2960-5c9a-40d9-9244-d504eee9878c
                Copyright: © 2020 Soman, et al.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International 4.0 (CC BY-NC 4.0), which permits all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 05 March 2020
                : 24 June 2020
                Categories
                Review Article

                induced pluripotent stem cells,three-dimensional bioprinting,regenerative medicine,disease modeling,cancer ipscs,drug screening

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