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      Association of nut consumption with total and cause-specific mortality.

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          Abstract

          Increased nut consumption has been associated with a reduced risk of major chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the association between nut consumption and mortality remains unclear.

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          Food-based validation of a dietary questionnaire: the effects of week-to-week variation in food consumption.

          S Salvini, D J Hunter, L. Sampson … (1989)
          The reproducibility and validity of responses for 55 specific foods and beverages on a self-administered food frequency questionnaire were evaluated. One hundred and seventy three women from the Nurses' Health Study completed the questionnaire twice approximately 12 months apart and also recorded their food consumption for seven consecutive days, four times during the one-year interval. For the 55 foods, the mean of correlation coefficients between frequencies of intake for first versus second questionnaire was 0.57 (range = 0.24 for fruit punch to 0.93 for beer). The mean of correlation coefficients between the dietary records and first questionnaire was 0.44 (range = 0.09 for yellow squash to 0.83 for beer and tea) and between the dietary records and the second questionnaire was 0.52 (range = 0.08 for spinach to 0.90 for tea). Ratios of within- to between-person variance for the 55 foods were computed using the mean four one-week dietary records for each person as replicate measurements. For most foods this ratio was greater than 1.0 (geometric mean of ratios = 1.88), ranging from 0.25 (skimmed milk) to 14.76 (spinach). Correlation coefficients comparing questionnaire and dietary record for the 55 foods were corrected for the within-person variation (mean corrected value = 0.55 for dietary record versus first questionnaire and 0.66 versus the second). Mean daily amounts of each food calculated by the questionnaire and by the dietary record were also compared; the observed differences suggested that responses to the questionnaire tended to over-represent socially desirable foods. This analysis documents the validity and reproducibility of the questionnaire for measuring specific foods and beverages, as well as the large within-person variation for food intake measured by dietary records. Differences in the degree of validity for specific foods revealed in this type of analysis can be useful in improving questionnaire design and in interpreting findings from epidemiological studies that use the instrument.
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            Test of the National Death Index and Equifax Nationwide Death Search.

            Janet W. Rich-Edwards, M Stampfer, K Corsano (1994)
            The authors compared the ability of the National Death Index and the Equifax Nationwide Death Search to ascertain deaths of participants in the Nurses' Health Study. Each service was sent information on 197 participants aged 60-68 years in 1989 whose deaths were reported by kin or postal authorities and 1,997 participants of the same age who were known to be alive. Neither service was aware of the authors' information regarding participants' vital status. The sensitivity of the National Death Index was 98 percent and that of Equifax was 79 percent. Sensitivity was similar for women aged 65-68 years; however, for women aged 61-64 years, the sensitivity of the National Death Index was 97.7 percent compared with 60.2 percent for Equifax. The specificity of both services was approximately 100 percent. The contrast between the sources of these databases and the matching algorithms they employ has implications for researchers and for those planning health data systems.
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              Nut and peanut butter consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in women.

              Rui Jiang (2002)
              Nuts are high in unsaturated (polyunsaturated and monounsaturated) fat and other nutrients that may improve glucose and insulin homeostasis. To examine prospectively the relationship between nut consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes. Prospective cohort study of 83 818 women from 11 states in the Nurses' Health Study. The women were aged 34 to 59 years, had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, or cancer, completed a validated dietary questionnaire at baseline in 1980, and were followed up for 16 years. Incident cases of type 2 diabetes. We documented 3206 new cases of type 2 diabetes. Nut consumption was inversely associated with risk of type 2 diabetes after adjustment for age, body mass index (BMI), family history of diabetes, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, and total energy intake. The multivariate relative risks (RRs) across categories of nut consumption (never/almost never, or =5 times/week) for a 28-g (1 oz) serving size were 1.0, 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-1.00), 0.84 (0.95% CI, 0.76-0.93), and 0.73 (95% CI, 0.60-0.89) (P for trend or =140 g [5 oz] of peanuts/week) compared with those who never/almost never ate peanut butter. Our findings suggest potential benefits of higher nut and peanut butter consumption in lowering risk of type 2 diabetes in women. To avoid increasing caloric intake, regular nut consumption can be recommended as a replacement for consumption of refined grain products or red or processed meats.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): N. Engl. J. Med.
                Title: The New England journal of medicine
                Publisher: New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM/MMS)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1533-4406
                ISSN (Print): 0028-4793
                Publication date (Electronic): Nov 21 2013
                Volume: 369
                Issue: 21
                Affiliations
                [1 ] From the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School (Y.B., F.B.H., E.L.G., M.J.S., W.C.W., C.S.F.), the Departments of Epidemiology (F.B.H., E.L.G., M.J.S., W.C.W.) and Nutrition (F.B.H., E.L.G., M.J.S., W.C.W.), Harvard School of Public Health, and the Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (C.S.F.) - all in Boston; and the Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, and Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis (J.H.).
                Article
                Mid ID: NIHMS552688
                DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1307352
                PMC ID: 3931001
                PubMed ID: 24256379
                SO-VID: 26d509c0-ac39-4f91-9546-ed9d156c37cc
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